Bullying Is A Social Interest - 3233 Words

Context History There has been a lot of research done on bullying since the 1980s when Olweus, who was a Norwegian researcher, began to study bullying. In Scandinavia, bullying had become a social interest because people noticed that it was a problem in their society. The school officials in Scandinavia did not take action against bullying until three boys from Norway had committed suicide because they were bullied by their peers. This event caused national interest in bully and victim problems. Since, people suspected that there was a bullying issue they had conducted a study in which data was obtained from 140,000 students in 715 schools. The results indicated that 15% of students in Norwegian schools were involved in bullying. It also indicated that about 94% of the students classified as victims and 6% were classified as bullies (Beaty, Alexeyev, 2008). Government Policies Since bullying has affected students and caused students to commit suicide, new laws and policies have been created. According to the U.S. Department of Education website, forty-five states have already passed laws addressing bullying in school. Any school that is federally funded is responsible for addressing harassment incidents. A state that has created an anti-bullying law is Connecticut. The new law takes comprehensive steps to prevent bullying and ensure that every child has the right to learn in public schools without fear of teasing, humiliation or assault (Briggs, 2012).The United States ofShow MoreRelatedBullying Is A Social Interest2346 Words   |  10 Pageson bullying since the 1980s when Olweus, who was a Norwegian researcher, began to study bullying. In Scandinavia, bullying had become a social interest because people noticed that it was a problem in their society. The school officials in Scandinavia did not take action against bullying until three boys from Norway ha d committed suicide because they were bullied by their peers. This event caused national interest in bully and victim problems. Since, people suspected that there was a bullying issueRead MoreCyber Bullying : A New Form Of Bullying979 Words   |  4 Pagesunimaginable harm† (Chavez). With this mention Cyber bullying has taken a toll in children and teenagers across the nation. Many doctors, advocates, teachers, parents and many more are helping children and teenagers fight against cyber bullying. Cyber bullying can start off as a game, but can become dangerous and lead to disorders, syndromes and can even lead to death. People need to educate themselves and inform children and teens the dangers of cyber bullying and report it immediately if they come acrossRead MoreDaniel Briggs s Life At The Young Age Of 16 Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Subject lived in New York and had a soft spot for helping others. His interests included hunting and trapping, however, this was not popular where he lived. The bullying began when he was young and it carried on into high school. Once he had reached high school, it escalated. Daniel had difficulty finding friends who had common interests with him and ultimately made him a target for bullying. The bullying began with words then progressed to physical forms. such as having trash thrownRead MoreEnd Bullying in the Classroom Essay575 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article Bullying: Effective Strategies for its Prevention Scarpaci (2006) defines bullying as when a more powerful person hurts, frightens, or intimidates a weaker person on a continual and deliberate basis. For this reason, Scarpaci (2006) states that bullying manifests in three distinct forms which are physical (hitting, shoving, poking, tripping, and slapping), verbal (name-calling, insults, teasing) and social (persuading others to exclude or reject someone). Furthermore, Scarpaci (2006)Read MoreAre Antibullying Strategies in Schools Successful?971 Words   |  4 Pageswould wait to go at home or prefer to be sick. (Abcarian). Bullying is a form of abuse that can be emotional or physical. Many children and teens are bullied at school every day. Some of these victims become depressed and lose interest in their schoolwork. (ProQuest Staff). There have been too many instances where young people have committed suicide to escape the torment of bullies. Most people do not realize or know how to stop bullying until someone gets hurt. Schools should have a disciplinaryRead MoreHigh School Cliques896 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes from and towards cliques, cliques have a negative view in schools today. Often times, cliques are seen as an unhealthy thing. There are so many flaws in the idea of cliques that it has been questioned many times. Since cliques are formed by interests, students would go whom they fit best with and that would divide up the school. Every teenager is familiar with the ‘classic’ cliques and their nicknames, as epitomized in countless teen movies: jocks, preps, geeks, nerds† (Cliques in Schools). ThereRead MoreBullying: Policy and Sociological Theory657 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Bullying: Policy and (Sociological) Theory Sociological theories, concepts, and studies provide a greater purpose and function more than just being products of academic and research extension work. Work in policy development is where usually these theories and studies are translated into policy recommendations and if lobbied and defended with strong support from key and influential individuals and groups, could actually lead to legislative action. Indeed, the conversion of theory to policy is aRead MorePrevention And Intervention Of Bullying Behaviors918 Words   |  4 Pagesa major role in prevention and intervention of bullying behaviors. Studies repeatedly suggest that bullying can be significantly impacted if teachers, students, student groups, administrators, and parents worked together to stop bullying (Mount, 2005). Social services can be useful through afterschool programs, specifically educating youth who might be at a greater risk of bullying and victimization. Social services can also work with parents to discuss parenting styles and attachments. Based onRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Form Of Inappropriate Online Behavior814 Words   |  4 Pageswhich involves using technology to transmit embarrassing information about someone. The most common types of cyberbullying are direct threats and spreading embarrassing messages, pictures, and videos over social media, instant messages texts, or emails. Unlike the traditional playground bullying, cyberbullying uses technology. Smartphones and other handheld devices have made it easier for cyberbullies to conduct mean and cruel activities online. Because of mass communication online, cyberbullyingRead MoreBuilding Relationships : A Democratic Classroom1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbuild trust and respect in your relationship. According to the text, Secrets of the Teenage Brain, this assists with establishing a sense of belonging for your students. Building relationships also allows you gain knowledge about your students’ interests and abilities and will help create a more engaging and beneficial instruction. The text also mentions that being friendly and encouraging to each of your students can help improve their self-esteem and create a positive environment. Create a democratic

Prospectus Example - 1677 Words

How the Cubans view themselves in Western Media A Prospectus For History 299 Dr. Ganaway April 21, 2010 Introduction As a young child, I remember living in New York during the latter part of the Cold War years. In school, we had â€Å"bomb drills† in which time we got under our desks and took cover in case of a bomb or missile hitting the city. The apartment building that I lived in had a â€Å"fallout shelter† downstairs underneath the building to house survivors of nuclear war and spare them the effects of radioactivity. In my pre college studies, I didn’t learn much about the politics behind the United State’s foreign relationships with Cuba and the former Soviet Union and the Cold War itself. The basic premise that was†¦show more content†¦One that I will focus upon in my paper is a document dealing with the CIA’s plan to overthrow Castro that dated April 12, 1961. Many of the personal interviews that I will use will come from Miami based newspapers. To get a national prospective, I will use national newspapers and Magazines such as Time, Life, and The New York Times.. In a New York Times editorial, an American was outraged that asylum was denied to Fidel Castro’s two sisters but not to Batista. The article One article from the magazine Time that I will use in the study is titled Dynamic Boss takes over a US neighbor. This article is from January 12, 1959. The photos show signs of contradiction on the part of Castro. He made many promises to supporters and the media that he did not intend to keep. â€Å"He stated that he would not become communist†. The picture shows triumphant soldiers in the capital city of Havana. Citizens that were overjoyed about the revolution marched in the streets. The anonymous writer is shows a bit of distrust in the words of the new leader. The writer assesses the state of events in which he or she had witnessed with the words of the new leader. â€Å"Castro claims that he is a moderate†¦But people against the revolution are being murdered†. I will also use the book Beyond representational correctness: rethinking criticism of popular media byShow MoreRelatedDisclosure Of Disclosure And The Corporation Act 20011038 Words   |  5 Pagesstates the four types of disclosure document which are as follows: †¢ Prospectus †¢ Short Form Prospectus †¢ Profile Statement †¢ Offer Information Statement Company may be able to use any of them depending in the type of fundraising intended to and whether the restrictions imposed can be satisfied or not. The contents of information required in these disclosure documents are different in nature. a) Prospectus Section 705 states prospectus as a standard full-disclosure document. It is the standard, mostRead MoreWhat Is A Mutual Fund Prospectus?988 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is a Mutual Fund Prospectus? A mutual fund prospectus is a document detailing the investment objectives and strategies of a particular fund or group of funds, as well as the finer points of the fund s past performance, managers and financial information. You can obtain these documents directly from fund companies through mail, email or phone. You can also get them from a financial planner or advisor. Many fund companies also provide PDF versions of their prospectuses on their websites. KnowingRead MoreHow Corporate Governance Is The Rules And Systems1304 Words   |  6 Pagesstakeholders such as shareholders, management and customers. These rules prevent managers in an organization from participating in a self-interested manner that could be damaging to the company and its stakeholders. During the time DSH was issuing its prospectus, the company would need a diversified board of directors to prevent corporate governance issues. The board should consist of members who have industry relevant experience. Dick Smith’s board of directors should have a balance of executive and non-executiveRead MoreClassification of Company Status1627 Words   |  6 Pagesare as under:- (i) A private company may consist of only 2 members. (ii) A private company is entitled to commence business immediately on incorporation. (iii) A private company may allot shares without issuing a prospectus or delivering to a registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus Section 30 (1). (iv) A private company is not required to hold a statutory meeting or file a statutory report with the registrar. (v) A private company need not have more than two directors. (vi) Copies of balanceRead MoreThe Implementation Of International Accounting Standards1424 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstances, as in the case of information that is required by law to be kept confidential, that may not be released for public policy purposes or that represents a trade secret or proprietary information., (70) Consequently, an IOSCO-compliant prospectus, which is prepared in conformance with the disclosure rules of one host country, may not satisfy the disclosure standards of another host country. A second problem with the IOSCO core document standards pertains to commonalityRead MoreFinance Questionnaire1443 Words   |  6 Pageswarrants will be exercised A firms dividend policy does not affect the value of its long term warrants at all; however, it is only the investment policy that matters. In addition, convertible bonds can be affected by a firms dividend policy. For example, if the part of the total return received by shareholders in the form of dividends is increased by a change in payout policy, then the value of unprotected convertible bonds would decline. Warrants are exercised at the option price if the companysRead MoreStock Market and Prospectus2875 Words   |  12 PagesChapter 5 PROSPECTUS DEFINITION [SECTION 2(36)] †¢ Any document inviting deposits from the public for the subscription or purchase of any securities of a body corporate. Following types of documents are prospectus: - ⠝‘ Any document described or issued as prospectus; including ⠝‘ any notice, ⠝‘ circular, ⠝‘ advertisement or ⠝‘ other document †¢ Ingredient to constitute a â€Å"prospectus† i) There must be an â€Å"invitation to the public†; ii) The invitationRead MoreContract Law Restricts Third Party Users Of Suing A Professional908 Words   |  4 Pageswithin a foreseeable class of users. The third party must be knowing as user of the service provided by the CPA and also any users that the CPA was aware the client would pass the information to. In this case, the CPA was aware that the intimal prospectus for IPO would be given to investors and as a result, the CPA would be liable. For investors anticipating the merger, they are not a foreseeable class of users since it was not discussed between the client and CPA. Prosser Bank was not a foreseeableRead MoreTrx Finance Case1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand Background: This company started up in 1999. This case has 6 years of data. - Experienced Management: The management team made a good decision to cut off low margin products in order to focus on their more profitable operations. This is an example of the quality of management in TRX. - Profitability: Over the last five years, TRX has yet to turn profit, although they are coming closer to turning a profit. Investors want to see a good Ev/ebitda enterprise value and price to earnings, whichRead MoreQuestions On Senior Management Team1748 Words   |  7 Pagesreflected in all aspects of daily working practices to differing degrees. The mission of school, will be defined by the type of school, set out by the head teacher and will be a short memorable motto like statement of the schools intentions, for example nurture, inspire, accomplish. The core of the mission statement should be expressed and interpreted within all daily activities in all educational environments. The ethos of a school is the beliefs, values and feelings that they subscribe to, these

The Joondalup Planning Strategy

Question: Explain The Joondalup planning strategy. Answer: The Joondalup planning strategy is an important strategic planning document that will be used by the city in future planning and development. The planning strategy report for Joondalup city has been prepared based on all the requirements of the City as they are found in the Act on Planning and Development. The main aim of this report is to create a planning strategy that will allow the community to determine the planning and vision framework that Joondalup city will use in the next few years. The plan involves preparation and assessment of the land to be developed, and the policies and strategies that need to be followed. The plan will include some key areas starting from the introduction which provides the citys background and history, the key issues and areas that need development including tourism, leisure and recreation, and the population growth. This plan is aimed at the use of the public consultation. It develops the issue of hospitality through analysis of the population growth. Building the citys new identity is important, but first, the past and history of the city are put into consideration. In summary, the community believes that the cultural heritage of the city should be protected, and the planning scheme should include the majority of the cultural sites and structures. Also, proper recreational sites are important in the creation of vibrant inner city lifestyle for the community and the visitors. Introduction The City of Joondalup is estimated to be 16 kilometers from the Perth city center in the southwest part. For the early Western Australian history, Fremantle was one of the major cities since it was established as a port for Swan River. The city is key for the fast growing metropolitan area region; it has been identified as a center for regional activities by the state government(Forster 2014 p.87). It provides commercial and recreational services for the community and visitors. The City covers an area of 10,300 hectares. The suburbs located in the municipality include Hillarys, Kallaroo, Joonndalup, Edgewater, and Greenwood among others. The number of residents in the city is approximately 160,000 people. Joondalup economy has been focusing on port-related aspects, general manufacturing, commercial services, fishing industries, and recreation. However, other sectors have been growing for example entertainment, tourism, business services, and education. The citys strategic plan will focus on Governance, citys environment, the economic growth, and the communitys health and wellbeing. Purpose for the planning strategy This planning report is required to set out long term, and short term planning directions for Joondalup city and provide guidelines to be used by the municipality in the implementation of the plan. The three main purposes are to set out a proper framework for the development of land use in Joondalup, provide a context for future planning and statutory provisions, and provision of strategic directions for future populations. These strategic directions include directions for housing, transport, business activities and land development. This report is aimed at providing an integrated strategy on tourism, hospitality, and leisure activities within the selected area to be redeveloped in Joondalup. It depends on several documents including: Local Planning Policies Joondalup Planning strategy which determines planning and land use in the city City plan which covers the communitys vision of Fremantle City planning scheme. Other Council strategies that will be used to work with, guide and add on this plan for public consultations include the draft Transport Strategy, Economic Development Strategy, Fremantle Green Plan, Recreation Policy and Strategy, Blueprint, Cultural Policy and Plan, and Youth and Aged Strategies. Community consultation based on planning issue papers were distributed for getting inputs from the community. Advertisement of the initiative issues was done in local papers and letterboxes in the district. Council considered the outcomes of the surveys and the results used to inform this strategy. Tourism From the uniqueness of its wetlands that are pristine, the centaly located bush regions, and the regions located in the coast coastal areas, Joondalup city is fruitful in aesthetic nature and attractiveness. In addition to the natural features, there are some important developments includingthe Joondalup Resort, Hillary Marina and those done in the city center. All these human made have brought tourists both domestically and internationally to the city to experience the fun. The plan proposed and published in the development plan set aside for tourism for the city of Joondalup. The main purpose of the plan is, provide all involve parties a proper review and assessment of the citys tourism sector and it is aimed at guiding decision-making on tourism planning(Singh, Timothy Dowling 2012 p.114). The citys coastal area is the main part that provides opportunities for tourism development. The concept plan used in this report is the one considered in consultation with all the stakeholders in the tourism industry, community members and leaders, and the leaders of the state in order to developselected area to a great facility with many recreational options. The developed facility is aimed at catering for community needs and providing a structured plan for the land component that is to be developed. The tourism industry of the city is aimed to grow to a sustainable level and with the help of this tourism development plan, need the plan to provide proper accommodation in the future. (Dissart 2015 p.23). The proposed marina will be put through in-depth planning and environmental reviews, and if it is approved, it will be a major Strategic Tourism Site and Activity Centre. Some issues need to be reviewed before the development of the tourism site; ensuring that there is an adequate supply and range of accommodation for supporting the development of the industry sector in the city. Also, after the approvals on planning and the environment development are provided, development and planning of the site selected on structural basis should be able to maximize the commercial and job creation opportunities. A map showing tourism cites in Joondalup. Recreational sites and activities The coordination of public utility planning is through the Metropolitan Development Program. The program incorporates statistics of the projected development in the process of resource allocation to meet the needs and demands of the citys population (Mull, BeggsRenneisen2014 p.78). Joondalup city has many aspects of the natural environment that is both developed and underdeveloped for example the stretch from Burns Beach to Marmion which is more than 17 kilometres. Also, Joondalup city tries to maintain passive and active parks used for leisure activities. Some of the recreational features present in Joondalup include natural bushlands, wetlands, and the coastal areas. Some significant open spaces and parks found in and around Joondalup city include Arena Joondalup, Ocean Reef Harbour for boats, and the reserve located in Percy Doyle just to name a few.Some recent developments that have been put in place in the city include Edgewater Quarry, Arena Joondalup, and Burns Beach. With the se new developments, the city will be able to accommodate other needs and demands of the city in the future. Within the city, four main leisure activityareas exist, including one with the great range of facilities known as Craigie Leisure centre. Others include Warwick, Duncraig, and Healthdrrige leisure centres. Within the city, many playing courts can be found for example bowling alleys, tennis courts, and ovals. All these courts are found in the reserves and parks. Other facilities that are mainly local and playgrounds can be found in all the citys reserves and parks. Also, the city also has private recreational areas including the large golf course found in the resort and country club and Joondalup Arena.To accommodate future demand from the community and tourists new development at Joondalup Arena is being done and this proposed plan will try creating a framework for this development. This plan entails the Community Development Strategy that includes planning for leisure and recreational activities that will help the city to produce strategies and objectives about the wellbeing of the community. The Leisure Plan points out future frameworks for recreational and leisure purposes within the selected piece of land near the CBD of Joondalup city. The plan tries to balance active and passive leisure activities in the city by being able to identify future outcomes for Recreation in Joondalup city and this is through effective and efficient management of infrastructure and ensuring that recreational sites are high quality. The city council will surely endorse this plan as it did in2008, where it approved the Citys Master Plan to be used in improving leisure and recreational sites, sport and Joondalup Citys infrastructure. During that year, some of the recreational sites that were selected to undergo the planning process were the Edgewater Quarry and Percy Doyle Reserve. In this proposed plan, the focus was made on the master plan developed for Edgewater Quarry; the project will aim at assessing Edgewater Quarry in relation with the reason of improvements and developments to accommodate the demands and needs of the community in future. The projected plan will involve the community extensively in regard to consultation to gain information of how the people will prefer the quarry to be developed in future. The results that are being expected from this projected plan include an estimate of the costs to be used in the plan, a construction process that is staged, and the design concept. Other issues that will be addressed in the proposed project plan based on the land development near the CBD is the construction of tennis courts for leisure purposes. The development of the land will be important in addressing the following issues: with the changing demographics of the city, there is a need for new developments in the recreational sector to accommodate future demands. Secondly, there is a need for facility maintenance and renewal. Finally, will the city be able to deal with the issue of water shortages about maintaining the open spaces? Joondalup population Perth Metropolitans population growth has been rapid over the last few decades.in the early 1970s, about half of the population growth in Perth Region was based in the city of Joondalup but there was a slower rate of population growth as we approached the 1980s. The suburban area is the main part of the city that encountered this development pattern. The development was mainly in local shopping centres, schools including both primary and secondary schools, and the local air space (Friedman 2011 p.45). There has been increase in residential development and town centres over the past twenty years. Joondalup city has more than 10% of the whole of the Metropolitan region of Perth. How Joondalups city population is expected to grow from 1996 to 2031 By the year 2006, the Northern side of Perth region, which includes Joondalup city and Wanneroo city, had 273,000 people. Growth of the population is expected over the next few years.More than 20% of the people in 2015 were between the ages 1 to 17, and more than 10% were people more than 60 years, this was in comparison to about24% and 16% for the whole Perth Region. This can be shown in the graph below: To 2006, there was a rise in the median age of the population from 33 years to 36 years. Structure change in age for Joondalup city between 2001 and 2006 There has been a clear decline in the number of youth including both young adults and the children that are a little bit older. However, older people numbers are projected to increase within the same year. For the Metropolitan areas there is expected to be general ageing of the population with rapid changes in the city. The projected distribution of age for the years 2006 to 2031amily structures and households in Joondalup city has pointed out the function and purpose of the residential part of the area. More than 50% of Joondalup households by the year 2006 included couples who had children and this was more as compared to the whole Perth region.This proposed project plan is aimed at addressing several important issues in the growth of population in Joondalup. One of the issues is how to accommodate the growing population of Joondalup, placement of future households for proper planning, and provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure improvements. With the rise in population in the city, there is need for proper planning and development and some aspects that need to be considered include commercial space designed for the service sector, proper access for pedestrians, safe and vibrant city, provision of space and art programs, and employment opportunities for the residents. The proposed plan will cater for this by providing a leisure and recreational facility and a tourism cite on the selected site near the CBD. With proper planning of the city there will be ensured proper and easy access to and from the city. Job creation and impacts on the citys economy. The local economy of Joondalup city is dependent on the functions of the city centre, which is the located strategically to serve as a regional centre. The regional centre is for the North West side of the region. Joondalup City Centre has its strengths cantered in sectors including education, retail, community services, and retail. These sectors creates more than half of the jobs for Joondalup city. Other job creation areas in the city include the industrial area in Joondalup, the gate Whitefoord town centre, Hillarys harbor for the boats among others. Understanding the residence of people provide a necessary platform for planning. This is where issues of capacity and compliance to regulations are addressed. Any planner will wish to have a right mix of information that links him or her to the needed work. Hence, the need to have the right understanding of where people live. The self sufficiency of the local job creation there were some projections that 60% of created jobs will be allocated to the workers that are based locally. With this proposed plan, there is expected job opportunities for the residents of Joondalup, as the recreational facilities that will be constructed in the site will need workers. In addition, other sectors such as the tourism sector will also provide employment opportunities for the residents. This means that any development on the citys land will create jobs for the people thus improving the citys economy. Although it looks overambitious to pursue this path of development, it is important to work on it as a long-term strategy. Planning for future is all that is needed when handling such projects. It will be essential for the southwest corridor with all its sectors especially the industrial base. In addition, recent data has shown that the self-sufficiency level and the rate of employment in the North West region is 40% while the self-containment level and employment rate is 30% in comparison with 60% and 50% for Southern side of the Metropolitan region After preview and approval of the project, there is a need for monitoring to allow for smooth implementation. The monitoring process is important to ensure that all factors are put into consideration in the implementation plan which includes construction of buildings and development of land. References Dessert, J.-C. (2015). Tourism, recreation, and regional development: Perspectives from France and abroad. Farnham: Ashgate. Friedman, A. (2011). Sustainable residential development. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Professional. Mull, R. F., Beggs, B. A., Renneisen, M. (2014). Recreation facility management: Design, development, operations, and utilization. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Western Australia. (2013). Landscape: The Journal of the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. Perth: The Department. Singh, S., Timothy, D. J. Dowling, R. K. (2012). Tourism in destination communities. Oxon, U.K: Cabi Pub. Forster, C. A. (2014). Australian cities: Continuity and change. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Thompson, S., Maginn, P. J. (2012). Planning Australia: An overview of urban and regional planning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newton, P. W. (2015). Transitions: Pathways Towards Sustainable Urban development in Australia. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science. Tomlinson, R. (2012). Australia's unintended cities: The impact of housing on urban development. Kelly, J.-F., Donegan, P. (2015). City Limits: Why Australia's cities are broken and how we can fix them. Troy, P. N. (2011). Australian cities: Issues, strategies, and policies for urban Australia in the 1990s. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Gurran, N. (2011). Australian urban land use planning: Principles, systems, and practice. Sydney: Sydney University Press. Hayashi, Y., Roy, J. (2014). Transport, Land-Use and the Environment. Boston, MA: Springer US. Newman, P., Kenworthy, J. R. (2013). Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Yigitcanlar, T. (2010). Rethinking sustainable development: Urban management, engineering, and design. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference. Hopkins, L. D. (2011). Urban development: The logic of making plans. Washington, DC [u.a.: Island Press. Rydin, Y. (2010). Governing for sustainable urban development. London: Earthscan. Zasada, I. (2012). Urban Entertainment Centers - Difficulties and chances for urban development. MuÃÅ'ˆnchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Mohan, Sudha. (2015). Urban Development and New Localism. RawatPubns. Curwell, S. R., Cooper, I., Deakin, M., Symes, M. (2011). Sustainable urban development: Ed. By Ian Cooper and Martin Symes.

Management and workbook process free essay sample

Discuss the management control system in the Patagonia Company. Explain and discuss the nature, context, evolution, elements, processes, strengths, weaknesses/problems of the management control system at Patagonia (including a critical evaluation of the Workbook Process). What makes Patagonia different from many corporate organisations? Everything! Patagonia is a very successful business that has grown at a sensational pace. What is interesting about Patagonia is that the founder’s motivation was never solely about making money, profits and relaying hefty bottom lines. Other things mattered too! The company is very much driven by a culture. This collaborative eco friendly and holistic culture has been created and nurtured by Yvon Chouinard, his wife Malinda and their team. â€Å"Make the best quality product and cause no excess harm† defined the essence of their motivation as relayed by Yvon at the 1996 Corporate Citizenship hosted by President Clinton. (Merchant, Kenneth A. /Van der Stede, Wim A. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and workbook process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / 2007, pg 380) This level of ‘quality’ would filter throughout the flat organisation. The notion of quality would not only define the nature of the goods sold but would however define all aspects of the companies endeavours including how they treated their staff, their stakeholders and our planet earth. How measurable is quality when you account for not only goods but people, their behaviour and their interaction with their external environment? Patagonia evolved in 1957 selling climbing gear made by Yvon in his blacksmith shop. The company began to sell quality outdoor clothes in the 1960’s and in the 70’s the business rapidly developed having become renowned for their innovation in outdoor materials. The business grew organically surprisingly without a focus on wealth accumulation for its founders. It was all about the product, design, process and how each interacted with the environment and all stakeholders involved. Yvon and his wife decided to donate huge amounts of the company’s earnings to environmental causes. Patagonia’s people were like minded. Yvon became increasingly concerned about the preservation of our natural environment and this would become ingrained in Patagonia’s culture. Life as an employee at Patagonia offered a relaxed, open, friendly and holistic community spirit. People were invited to dress ultra casually, enjoy healthy foods at low cost, work flexi hours, avail of onsite childcare facilities and in turn people would work in harmony, be goal congruent and deliver the companies objectives. Although in the beginning there was no formal management control process based on financial objectives the strategic objective was always clear – Quality in all that they do and how they do it! Demand always exceeded supply in the earlier decades so financial measurement control was not considered important as there was a constant supply of money. Control was people orientated and behavioural in nature. There was little bureaucracy and an open system was encouraged. Senior management shared the same office space as everyone else and people were encouraged to participate, ask questions and provide feedback. There were frequent fortnightly open forums held by management where staff could participate. Everybody was valued and people were expected to contribute. The company delivered an incentive scheme and rewarded staff with pooled retained profits. On one incident the employees rejected and returned an $80,000 bonus scheme as they felt the distribution of it was unfair. The company did admit to having difficulty with measuring rewards in line with performance as so much of the company’s objectives were not financial in nature and therefore more difficult to measure. The temporary slump in sales in the early 1990’s prompted a new focus on the bottom line. The managers of Patagonia used personal controls to rectify the problem. Hiring professional managers with the expertise in financial control was required. The company was in the midst of a recession, with more competitors and employees who were frivolous with their expense accounts. In recruiting the professionals the control of the organisation would now move from cultural to a more personal centralised control. The decisions were being made at the top something which was very new at Patagonia. The staffs were left feeling disengaged with the process and after losing 20% of their co workers morale was very low. The open book management style grew from this. The Workbook Process was a control mechanism that involved intense collaboration laterally and vertically within the organisation. Financial information would now be made available to everyone in order to encourage fluidity and understanding of the business. People would be adequately trained so as to understand the information and in turn offer participation and suggestion. The process would have significant cost and time implications but Yvon and Melinda supported the ethos on which it was founded – an open model that would reinforce their culture and encourage synergetic performance. Managers hoped that employees would better understand their own position within the company, increase their awareness in relation to other sub systems and ultimately they would become part of the process hence determining their own destiny and success. Each group participated in an 11 step workbook process which involved for example identifying objectives and missions, interrelations with other sub systems (each with their own cost centre), quantifying and prioritising objectives, feedback systems, budget worksheets, other group priorities etc. The Workbook Process was very detailed in nature and it appeared to involve a huge amount of time. Most employees felt that the process was worthwhile in that it allowed people to bond; it optimised better solutions for the company. These were significant strengths and would suggest that the process was in fact progressive. Would additional control supports or tweaking help? The predominant weaknesses of the process were poor deliverance of financial information i. e. 1 to 2 months behind and a proportion of people refused to engage with the process. They found it tedious. It was not supported by a number of managers also. This caused concern for the other managers. How could The Workbook System be further supported in order to reinforce the benefits and gain further participation from all staff members? Perhaps an incentive scheme with rewards and sanctions would work? Maybe further training was needed? Perhaps stringent budgetary controls were needed? Would you recommend to Patagonia’s management that they continue with or discontinue the Workbook process? Explain your reasons and make recommendations for any changes needed. (Whether to enhance the existing process or to replace it)? If you recommend continuing the process, what would you replace it with? ) A management control system stems from organisations objectives. There is goal ambiguity and conflict in Patagonia. The goals of Patagonia did not include rapid growth similar to most corporations. Patagonia’s goal is the integrity and staying true to their cause. The exploitation of the marketplace was not an option. Yvon’s reasoning for staying in business was in order to make money to attribute to environmental causes. There were other elements high quality and the idea of the man in the wilderness versus the corporate. Therein lies the problem the application of a management control system depends on, is it desirable is it feasible, how you are going to do it and can the results be interpreted. The Work book process or otherwise known as an open book management assumes a relaxed pose. This control mechanism is suited to Patagonia’s culture. However the implementation of this management style is anything but relaxed. The workbook process involves extremely detailed planning, budget and reporting system. These are used to monitor the plans, activities and performance. This is only possible with the co-operation of the entire organisation. The use of pre action reviews and results control has proven beneficial in the financial areas. However in an organisation where there are multiple purposes this leads to difficulty. If Patagonia’s main objective was to maximise profit there would be a clear measure of success. However this is not the case. Environment impacts over time are very difficult to quantify. The workbook process has its advantages and is clearly successful in some business units. Two thirds of the managers are happy with the process. Initially the open book management technique addressed the problem which arrived with the professional managers. The people of Patagonia where similar to Yvon and held a â€Å"contempt for conventional business†. As Yvon and his wife were not happy with the new formal management, it was to be expected staff members would have their issues. The tone at the top has a huge influence. The workbook process facilitates planning in advance. Planning or decision making takes a look at the longer term rather than just the day to day. Through coordination of all different levels and other business units it encourages a combined effort towards the goal. The workbook process can detect problems before they happen. This is a proactive approach rather than waiting for something to go wrong before you react. There are however a number of criticisms of the process. The corporations outlined nine specific goals for the fiscal year 96. These included product design, distribution, operations, environment and personal/training. The workbook process had proven to be successful in establishing whether some objectives had been achieved. However it highlighted the difficulty in judging environment, quality and distribution objectives. These issues have been established a critical success factors for Patagonia, and yet the management control system is unable to evaluate their performance. An evaluation of the benefit versus the cost of the system needs to be addressed. The design is very complex and time consuming. The level of planning and number of meetings needed to discuss the plans leaves very little time for actually doing anything. The third of the organisation which is not content with the formality of the process have been identified as the creative ones. This is not surprising the process is stifling and this is not an atmosphere which promotes innovation. If anything it encourages people to just do what is in the plan and nothing else. There is another issue which has already has been identified as a positive aspect however has negative implications also. The tightness of the pre action reviews in relation to budget. The expense accounts were previously issues for concern. However the frequency and elements which have to be documented seem overbearing. The business units are only allowed spend if senior managers have preapproved the decision. The workbook process was established to give employees more empowerment. This however is certainly not the case in relation to spending money. There is also evidence of tightness in cultural control. The manager of logistics stated that in achieving all of their objectives, there was a feeling of pride. This is akin to someone working for a small business. There is no mention of personal gain. This is not a criticism of her attitude; it is of the work process. There were no incentives aligned to the objectives. The profit sharing plan that was introduced was not based on merit; it was just allocated in equal percentages of base salaries. On the basis of this evaluation we would recommend that Patagonia discontinues the Workbook Process. The process has served its purpose. It has educated the employees in the â€Å"how the company works and how their jobs interface with others†. A control system is applied to ensure that an organisation’s strategy is implemented. This is not the case. The workbook process is focused on the short term. In looking back all the time there is no attention to the objectives which are key to future success. A value driver is an objective which can indicate future success. Examples include product design, quality and customer service. These are all qualities valued by Patagonia. The time and effort to keep this in process in operation is too costly. The staffs are only partially commited which is causing complications. The level of training required is exhaustive. There are people who are not financially minded regardless of how much training they receive. When an organisation focuses all its efforts on financial results, the things that can’t be measured are neglected. Therefore a â€Å"combination of measures† is a much more viable option. To replace the workbook process we would recommend the balanced scorecard. This focuses on financial but also the non financial contributors to success of an organisation. The objectives would be set in relation to the different business units. Production and distribution would have quality and efficiency objectives. RD would be responsible for innovation. HR would look after the quality of life for the employees. Public responsibility would be positioned in the top four as it is inherent within the organisation. This process would be costly to implement. Therefore if it was applied on a group context it may be easier to be the costs down. This would also create co workers monitoring each other’s performance. There would also be the incentive to gain owner ship shares. In measuring shareholder value creation instead of accounting income this would be very beneficial in the long term. This would create an ethos for those who are not loyal to the culture of the organisation already to treat it as their own. This form of measurement would be flexible to change. As the employees have adapted to being involved in the planning of objectives their input would continue to be recognised. The use of pre action reviews would still be in place for large investments. A database warehouse would solve the environmental focus of the legal team and investment in software for tracking inventory.

Perfect Custom Essays

Perfect Custom Essays Nowadays, paper writing for college students has proved to be rather a difficult task for most of them. Consequently, this has pushed them to seek essay writing services from various agencies that offer such services. Various factors have contributed to the students turning to custom essay writing companies for help. These factors include lack of adequate material to complete the assignments, others may be non-natives and the English language appears to be difficult to comprehend. Most college students prefer English essay writing from English native speaking individuals. This is because English is their second language, and they would want their work immaculately done. This may seem unethical to some, but it is quite helpful to many as these companies offer templates that assist students in composing their original work. Additionally, these companies offer various services such as thesis writing, research papers, dissertation chapters, course work and reports among others. Proofread ing and editing of previously done work are also services offered by these companies. Subsequently, such services help in avoiding common grammatical errors such as run-on sentences, punctuation mistakes, spelling mistakes, subject verb agreements and other common typos. It also helps in eliminating plagiarism by correct citations where work has been borrowed and paraphrased to represent originality. These companies accomplish all these by employing expert writers who offer excellent and professional English essay writing skills. Some of these professional writers are English language natives while others have English as their second language but still offer excellent services to the clients available.

Edwards Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History

Edwards Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History Edwards is a patronymic surname meaning son of Edward. It derives from the early medieval English given name, Edward, meaning prosperous guardian, from the Old English Eadward, composed of the elements ead, meaning prosperity or fortune, and w(e)ard, meaning guard. Edwards is the 53rd most popular surname in the United States and the 17th most common surname in England. Surname Origin:  EnglishAlternate Surname Spellings:  EDWARDES, EDWARDSON, EDWARD, EDWART Famous People With the EDWARDS Surname Jonathan Edwards: Protestant  Theologian, Philosopher, Journalist, Educator, ScholarGareth Edwards: Welsh rugby playerBlake Edwards:  American film director, producer and screenwriterTeresa Edwards: American basketball player; Olympic medalistRobert Alan Bob Edwards:  American author, radio journalist and host  Clement Edwards:  Welsh lawyer, journalist, trade union activist and Liberal politicianPierpont Edwards: American lawyer, judge and delegate to the American Continental Congress Where Is the EDWARDS Surname Most Commonly Found? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Edwards is the 800th most common surname in the world. It is especially prevalent in the United States, where it ranks 51st, as well as England (21st), Australia (26th), Wales (14th), Trinidad and Tobago (18th), Jamaica (14th) and New Zealand (23rd). Within England it is most common in Shropshire, where it is the 5th most frequent surname. It is also the 7th most common surname in both Flintshire and Denbighshire, Wales. Ellis is found most frequently in Wales, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, followed by Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Genealogy Resources for the Surname EDWARDS Edwards Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Edwards surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Edwards query.FamilySearch - EDWARDS  Genealogy: Explore over 7.6  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Edwards surname, as well as online Edwards family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Edwards  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Edwards  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY - Essay Example Furthermore, language convergence and membership of a person in groups are also determined based on the languages that they know (THOMAS And WAREING, 1999). Bi-lingual or Multi-lingual Having the ability to speak two differently languages fluently marks a bi-linguist, whereas the ability to speak more than one language fluently marks a person as being a multi-linguist. Being bi-lingual or multi-lingual can be and is often for a number of reason, but mostly the adoption of more than one language occurs more rapidly in the early childhood stage of a person’s life. Whether it is because of a competent and saturated job market, parents or grandparents belonging to different nationalities or because one has migrated elsewhere, the reasons for accounting to a person being a bi-linguist or multi-linguist are many. Influences on Social identity of a person who is multi-lingual In order to case study the influences, impacts and effects of language diversity on a person, it is important to understand some majorly important terms and influences that shape the changed personal identity of a person. ... Individuals of a specific speech community communicate more often with each other than with individuals outside their speech community and so there exist preference and speech community isolation, which is also termed as communicative isolation. This is influenced by social, cultural, economic or regional similarities or preferences. To understand the term community better, we can analyze that the family of an individual is also a community and there by the language with which they communicate will form a speech community too. Furthermore, speech community is also observed with friends or the employees of the work place. It is noted that the changes in accent, dialect, written Performa or the differences in the languages spoken by individuals also mark changes and developments of speech communities (AGER, MUSKENS And WRIGHT, 1993). The community in general may have a focused set of characteristics of a language being communicated or it can be also diffused with emergence of different widely varying set of characteristics. Code-switching An individual, who is well-versed in more than one language, often tends to change or switch languages while speaking. Either to stress on a specific word, to lay emphasis on the issue or to just make someone laugh or impress the other- the use and reason for code switching varies from person to person and situation to situation. Sometimes, it also occurs unknowingly (NORTON, 2000). Linguistic convergence The lexical, phrasal, verbal or grammatical borrowings or transfusions from one language to another is often termed as linguistic convergence i.e. the convergence or merger of more than one languages, accents or dialects into another. Sometimes it is

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Research - Essay Example As a result of this, real justice calls for people to suffer for the wrongs they have done, and to undergo suffering that is appropriate for the crime they have done. Each criminal is obliged to get what their crime entails and in case of murderer what that crime deserves is death. The sentencing of murderers to death will also make potential murderers to think twice before committing murder. Capital punishment does neither solve nor contribute to reduction of murder crimes. It is just a portrayal of retribution, and as such, is not a morally punishment. This is evidenced by the fact that majority of the people who undergo this punishment are often associated with unintentional commitment of murder crimes (â€Å"Arguments for and Againsts the Death Penalty† 3). For instance, it is evident that majority of the criminals who are convicted of murder do suffer from mental illness. It is also evident that some of the people who are convicted of murder may have committed murder crimes out of uncontrolled emotions. Thus, passing capital punishment to such criminals neither reduces mental illness cases nor controls the emotions of people. â€Å"Arguments for and Againsts the Death Penalty.† Michigan State University and Death Penalty Information Center,(2000): Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

Academic degree Essay Example for Free

Academic degree Essay A person is educated if they constantly strive to attain knowledge while simultaneously recognizing that they know very little about the world around you. As a result, I am currently educating myself now, because it is my desire to pursue knowledge and understanding of life. Determining a person’s education is vital to understanding the nature of education. First of all, education is the pursuit of knowledge, not a goal that can be reached after a set number of years of doctoral study. Consequently, a person, no matter how much they know, can never stop learning because they have already attained education. Instead, people are educated when they wholeheartedly devote their lives to understanding what they do not comprehend. As a result, I, a person with a strong will to understand, am more educated than those who work within the same profession regardless of the number of degrees they may posses. People truly become educated when they truly dedicate themselves to the pursuit of knowledge. Clearly, education is a constant pursuit, and the educated person devotes his entire life to this quest for knowledge. Thus, I know that I am educated as long as I never give up attempting to understand the world around me. However, inseparable from this definition of an educated person, is the realization that no people, at least during my lifetime, can claim that they possess all knowledge and that their knowledge is irrefutable. Thus, the educated person is committed to the pursuit of knowledge, has a mind open to new theory, and never subordinates the truth to an authoritys dictate. Personally, I know I am educated as long as I remain determined to understanding the world and to maintaining an open mind. Of course, this goal of remaining educated will lead me to new heights in the future as I continue my education throughout my doctoral program. I must remain committed to learning my entire life and to making new discoveries. Education cannot be measured by the number of degrees a person has earned. Instead, education is a mind set that must last a person’s entire life.

Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - How We Define Ourselves

How We Define Ourselves in Beloved  Ã‚     Ã‚   The idea of how we define ourselves is a topic that has much force in the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison.   Two of the characters in the novel have strongly opposite ideas of defining their own â€Å"selves†.   Baby Suggs displays a very healthy sense of self, completely based on only who she is as a person, and not relying on any other person to assist her in her definition.   She is an independent person and loves her own â€Å"self† greatly.   Sethe, on the other hand, has an unhealthy sense of self because who she is is strongly dependent on her interactions and relationships with her children. The above is excerpt is provided to indicate the focus of the essay. The complete essay begins below: The journey towards finding one’s â€Å"self† is a long and arduous one, twisting and turning in every direction.   The destination is a personal identity -- a definition of who one is, independent of anyone else. Some people find a straight path that leads them directly to the discovery of their â€Å"selves†.   Other people take the road that has many switch-backs and obstacles to overcome, but eventually these people make it to the destination of â€Å"self† as well.   There are still others who get lost along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of finding one’s â€Å"self† is strongly reliant upon our interactions with other people.   From the beginning, as infants, to when we are still small children, we have no idea who we are or what our relationship to the world is.   Our perceptions of the world are through the eyes of our parents or guardians and other adults who try to teach us and show us the world.   They instill in us their own ideas of right and wrong, good and bad.   As we grow, our peers have much influence over h... ...t our own sense of "self".   We never stop learning and experiencing new things, so our definitions of "self" are constantly being challenged and sometimes altered.   However, when we begin to rely solely upon other people to know who we are, our "self" is no longer our own.   A true sense of "self" is responsive to one's interactions and relationships with people, but defined only by one's own mind and heart, independent of others.   The road towards personal identity is long.   Several people may help us out along the way, hydrating us as needed; carrying us as needed.   But, in the end, we hopefully cross the finish line on our own. Works Cited 1.   Kubitcheck, M.D.   Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion.   London: Greenwood Press, 1998. 2.   Morrison, Toni.   Beloved.   New York: Plume, 1987. 3.   One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. 4.   Secrets and Lies.      

What is Drug?

A drug is any animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines. It also refers to any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. It is a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic. A drug is capable of altering natural biological processes, with their manipulating nature used in medicine as a corrective measure against deviances from these normal biological processes. As described in the Webster Dictionary (1992), a drug, is a substance, other than food intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.It is any narcotic; also any substance or chemical agent, exclusive of food, employed for other than medical reasons to obtain a given physiological effect or to satisfy a craving. The drug affects the mind or body. The effect depends on the type of drug, the amount taken, when and how it is used, and the person who takes it (Webster, 1992). Drugs may be classified as uppers, downers, narcotics, mind-affecting (hallucinogens), or volatile chemicals. Uppers are stimulants that affect the nervous system to excite the user.Downers are depressants that affect the central nervous system to relax the user. Narcotics affect the nervous system, and change many of the normal activities of the body, and often produce an intense state of excitement or distortion of the user’s senses. Volatile chemicals are depressants acting upon the central nervous system. It is important for the first aider to be able to detect possible drug abuse at the overdose level and to relate certain signs to certain types of drugs (Webster, 1992 p. FA-28). There are four levels of drug use.Abstinence means not taking any drugs or any particular drug. Experimentation means trying a drug for the first time. It could be a doctor prescribing medicine, or a young person sniffing glue. If a user likes the effects of a drug, he or she may move to casual, recreational or regular use. Casual use is taking a drug only when a person feels like it or when a it is offered. Recreational use is a drug use for enjoyment in social situations. Regular use means taking drugs almost everyday. Habitual or problem drug becomes dependent (needs to have some of the drug everyday).The user may have very little control over his or her problem drug use. The effects of this dependence can be serious, and sometimes fatal. With certain drugs, the user can develop a tolerance, or get used to the drug. He or she has to take very large amounts to feel the same effects. These drugs include alcohol, opiates, LSD, caffeine, amphetamines and tranquilisers. Psychological dependence can develop with any type of drug. The user believes that he or she will not be able to lead a normal life without taking the drug and becomes very upset if it is not available.Physical dependence, when the body cannot work without a regular supply of the drug may happen with long term use. This is common with depressants and a nalgesics. Depressants slow the nervous system and relax the body. Alcohol is the most common, but other legal depressants are abused for these effects. These include barbiturates (sleeping pills), tranquilisers and solvents (glue and gases). Analgesics reduce the user’s reaction to pain, discomfort and anxiety. Opium, heroin and codeine are obtained from opium poppies.Methadone and pethidine are synthetic (chemical rather than natural) analgesics. Many analgesics have medical uses. Withdrawal symptoms, which make the user feel unwell, can happen when a regular user stops taking a drug. When a person has an overdose, he or she takes more of the drug than the body can cope with, becomes very ill and may even die (Brown and King 1990). Mechanisms of Drug Action To describe the mechanism of drug action in the brain, whenever a person uses a drug and the effect it produces is somehow pleasant, this effect gets a rewarding quality for that person.As experimental research by behavi oural psychologists has demonstrated, all behaviours that are reinforced by a reward have a tendency to be repeated and learned. Successive repetitions, besides fixing the reward-producing behaviours, also fix all previously indifferent stimuli, sensations, and situations, eventually associated with those behaviours. Seeing particular places or persons, hearing specific music, etc, for instance, triggers in drug users the craving for their preferred drug. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Dr.Edythe D. London and her colleagues at the Addiction Research Centre, in Baltimore, obtained images showing that in cocaine-users, cues associated with the use of the drug sparked an increase in the metabolism of glucose in brain areas that are associated with memory and learning (lateral pre-frontal cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum). Up to now, is far from complete our knowledge about the cerebral, chemical and structural changes that underlie reward and act as reinforcers for different behaviours, including that of drug use.Nevertheless, recent researches point to a chain of reactions, involving several neurotransmitters, leading to the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in a brain region. Compare and contrast the Physical Dependence and Positive Incentive theories of drug addiction. Drug addiction has two components: physical dependency, and psychological dependency. Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become accustomed to its effects. The person must then continue to use the drug in order to feel normal, or its absence will trigger the symptoms of withdrawal.Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has become emotionally reliant of its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of functioning without it. Its absence produces intense cravings, which are often brought on or magnified by stress. A dependent person may have either aspects o f dependency, but often has both. â€Å"Chipping† is also a term used to describe a pattern of drug use in which the user is not physically dependent and sustains ‘controlled use' of a drug.This is done by avoiding influences that reinforce dependence, such that the drug is used for relaxation and not for escape. Physical Dependency Model After repeated exposure to certain drugs, withdrawal symptoms appear if the drug is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms are compensatory reactions that oppose the primary effects of the drug. Therefore they are the opposite of the effects of the drug. Withdrawal effects are unpleasant and reduction in these effects would therefore constitute negative reinforcement.[Negative reinforcement is the reinforcement of behaviour that terminates an aversive stimulus] Negative reinforcement could explain why addicts continue to take the drug. However some addicts will endure withdrawal symptoms (go ‘cold-turkey') in order to reduce their tol erance so that they can recommence drug intake at a lower dose which costs less to purchase. Concentrating on the role of physical withdrawal effects at the expense of other psychological factors led to the failure to recognize the addictive properties of cocaine.Cocaine does not produce physical dependency (tolerance and withdrawal symptoms) but it is more addictive than heroin. This diagram (redrawn from Julien, 1995), shows the changing pattern in the major drug used by patients admitted to drug treatment programs in New York City during the 1980s. It is also important to emphasize that reduction in withdrawal symptoms does not explain why people take drugs in the first place. Negative reinforcement may account for initial drug taking in some situations. For example, someone who is suffering from unpleasant emotions may experience a reduction in these feelings (i.e. negative reinforcement) following drug administration. However the most likely reason for drug taking involves posi tive reinforcement. Positive Reinforcement Model The reinforcing properties of a drug are thought to be reason why most people become addicted to drugs. Addictive drugs are positive reinforcers (Carlson, 2001). As you know positive reinforcement can lead to learning a new response, and the maintenance of existing behaviours. It follows that the behaviours associated with taking an addictive drug (i. e. injecting or smoking it) will increase in probability.One way of testing this claim is to examine the reinforcing properties of drugs in animals. We already know that conventional reinforcers support bar-pressing in animals, therefore if a drug maintains a response such as bar-pressing in an animal, it is a reinforcing stimulus. At one time it was believed that animals could not be made addicted to drugs, but that view is now rejected because technical developments have shown that animals will learn new behaviours that cause injection of drugs into their body. Explain how the study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction.The study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction. The reinforcing effects of drugs during intoxication create an environment that, if perpetuated, triggers the neuronal adaptations that result in addiction. Imaging studies in drug abusers as well as non–drug abusers have shown that drugs of abuse increase the extra-cellular concentration of drug addiction in the striatum and that these increases were associated with their reinforcing effects. The subjects who had the greatest increases in drug addiction were the ones who experienced drug effects such as â€Å"high,† â€Å"rush,† or â€Å"euphoria† most intensely.These studies also showed that the reinforcing effects appeared to be associated not only with the magnitude but also with the abruptness of the drug addiction increase. Thus, for an equivalent increase in drug addiction, the drug was experie nced as reinforcing when it was injected intravenously, which leads to fast drug uptake in the brain and presumably very fast changes in drug addiction concentration, but not when it was given orally, which leads to a slow rate of brain uptake and presumably slow increases in drug addiction concentration.The dependency of the reinforcing effects of drugs on fast and large increases in drug addiction concentration is reminiscent of the changes in drug addiction concentration induced by phasic drug addiction cell firing (fast-burst firing > 30 Hz), which also leads to fast changes in drug addiction concentration and whose function is to highlight the saliency of stimuli. This contrasts with tonic drug addiction cell firing (slow firing at frequencies around 5 Hz), which maintains base-line steady-state drug addiction levels and whose function is to set the overall responsiveness of the drug addiction system.This led us to speculate that the ability of drugs of abuse to induce changes in drug addiction concentration that mimic but exceed those produced by phasic drug addiction cell firing results in over-activation of the neuronal processes that highlight saliency, and that this is one of the relevant variables underlying their high reinforcing value. However, studies show that increases in drug addiction concentration during intoxication occur in both addicted and non-addicted subjects, so this by itself cannot explain the process of addiction.Since drug addiction requires chronic drug administration, we suggest that addiction results from the repeated perturbation of reward circuits (marked drug addiction increases followed by drug addiction decreases) and the consequent disruption of the circuits that it regulates (motivation/drive, memory/learning, and control). Indeed, imaging studies in drug-addicted subjects have consistently shown long-lasting decreases in the numbers of drug addiction D2 receptors in drug abusers compared with controls.In addition, studi es have shown that cocaine abusers also have decreased drug addiction cell activity, as evidenced by reduced drug addiction release in response to a pharmacological challenge with a stimulant drug. We postulate that the decrease in the number of drug addiction D2 receptors, coupled with the decrease in drug addiction cell activity, in the drug abusers would result in a decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to stimulation by natural reinforcers.This decreased sensitivity would lead to decreased interest in ordinary (day-to-day) environmental stimuli, possibly predisposing subjects for seeking drug stimulation as a means to temporarily activate these reward circuits. Imaging studies provide evidence of disrupted sensitivity to natural reinforcers in addiction. For example, in a study by Martin-Solch and colleagues, the meso-striatal and meso-corticolimbic circuits of opiate addicts were not activated in response to natural reinforcers, whereas they were in controls subjects.Similar ly, in a second study by the same group, DA-regulated reward centres in tobacco smokers failed to activate in response to monetary reward. Interestingly, decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to acute alcohol administration has also been documented in cocaine abusers compared with control subjects. These findings suggest an overall reduction in the sensitivity of reward circuits in drug-addicted individuals to natural reinforcers, but also possibly to drugs besides the one to which they are addicted (extracted from the Journal of Clinical Investment May 15, 2003).

Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism Essay

Life is drama; playing roles in relation to other people. Interest in the interaction of language and action. Symbolic Interactionist—Language is symbolic action. â€Å"Verbal symbols are meaningful acts from which motives can be derived (Griffin, p. 329).† â€Å"Human beings†¦are a symbol-creating, symbol-using, and symbol misusing animal (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 69).† A theory of Motives—why do people act (particularly rhetorically) the way they do? Assess motives. Texts/Speeches created by people to â€Å"DO SOMETHING.† Can be analyzed to determine what it is they are trying to do. Distinguishes human â€Å"Action† from Animal â€Å"Motion† Action Motion Done on purpose;Behaviors that are non- voluntary behavior purposeful/non-meaningful e.g. DramatismïÆ' ª ïÆ' ªAll animals and objects Peoplehave motion ïÆ' ªÃ¯Æ' ª Forms of ThoughtThe study of motion is ïÆ' ªmechanism Understood through motives ïÆ' ª Pentad (tool for understanding motives) Motive: Linguistic Product of Rhetorical Action Created a Grammar of Motives (â€Å"grammar† meaning rules, principles, elements, structure and/or book) Motives are viewed by Burke in terms of internal sources of action; but rather in terms of how language and terms are used to make actions understandable. Guilt as Motive: guilt is an â€Å"all-purpose word for any feeling of tension within a person—anxiety, embarrassment, self-hatred, disgust, etc. (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 70).† We communicate to purge ourselves of guilt. Guilt arises out of language. Three sources of guilt: 1. The Negative: Language allows for rules, morals, etc. that surround us and we can’t escape violating. 2. The Principle of Perfection: Language allows us to â€Å"imagine† the ideal (should). 3. The Principle of Heirarchy: Structure society with competing class and group distinctions We seek redemption (reduce or eliminate guilt) through communication/rhetoric/dramatism 1. Mortification: self-blame 2. Victimage: external enemy is the source 3. Scapegoating: blame other(s) Substance: general nature of a thing Consubstantiation: (shared substance, commonality) Identification: (same as consub) degrees of; conscious or unconscious; 1) material identification—goods, possessions, things 2) idealistic identification—values, ideas, feelings, attitudes 3) formal identification—form or arrangement of act/conventions; roles, customs, etc. Division—differences with others (source of guilt) PENTAD Tool for understanding motives Act SceneAgent Agency Purpose (Hexad: Attitude: delayed or incipient action) Statement of motives will answer: What was done (act), when or where it was done (scene), who did it (agent), how it was done (agency), and why it was done (purpose).

Kobe Earthquake 1995 essays

Kobe Earthquake 1995 essays Earthquakes are natural hazards, which occur on plate margins. Earthquakes are the result of plate movements. The strain builds up along the fault line between two plates until they move causing earthquakes. So why did the Kobe earthquake happen? Japan is at a high risk to earthquakes. Kobe is no exception. Japans second most major port is situated on a minor fault, the Nojma Fault. Unfortunately it lies above a destructive plate margin. Kobe is located above where the Philippines crust (oceanic crust) and the Eurasion crust (continental crust) meet. It was along this fault that the triggered the earthquake that hit Kobe. At 5.46am on January 17th 1995, whilst many of its citizens were still asleep, the Japanese city of Kobe was hit by the largest earthquake in Japan since 1923. It was recorded at 7.2 on the Richter scale and lasted for 20 seconds. During this time the ground moved 18cm horizontally and 12cm vertically. The earthquake was not only powerful but the epicentre was only 20km away from the city, it resulted in massive damage to property and loss of life. The worst effected area was in the central part of Kobe, a region about 5km by 20km alongside the main docks and port area. This area is built on soft and easily removed rocks; especially the port itself is built on reclaimed ground. Here the ground actually liquefied and acted like thick soup, allowing buildings to topple sideways, resulting in huge cranes in the harbour toppling over into the sea. More than 102,000 buildings were destroyed in Kobe, leaving 300,00 people homeless. The cost to repair the infrastructure of the city was est imated at $150 billion dollars, and that was just for the state owned buildings and services. The final cost makes the earthquake the most expensive natural disaster in modern history. Remember all that for just 20 seconds of earthquake. ...

Find and Claim Your Unclaimed Pension With PBGC.gov

Find and Claim Your Unclaimed Pension With PBGC.gov As of 2014, the federal Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC), reports there are more than 38,000 people who, for any number of reasons, have not claimed pension benefits they are owed. Those unclaimed pensions are now north of $300 million, with individual benefits ranging from 12 cents to almost $1 million. In 1996, PBGC launched the Pension Search directory Web site to help people who may have forgotten about, or been unaware of pensions they earned during their career. The pension database can be searched by last name, company name, or state where the company had its headquarters. The online service is absolutely free and available 24-hours a day. Updated regularly, the current list identifies some 6,600 companies, primarily in the airline, steel, transportation, machinery, retail trade, apparel, and financial services industries that closed pension plans in which some former workers could not be found. Benefits waiting to be claimed range from as little as $1 up to $611,028. The average unclaimed pension is $4,950. The states with the most missing pension participants and money to be claimed are: New York (6,885/$37.49 million), California (3,081/$7.38 million), New Jersey (2,209/$12.05 million) Texas (1,987/$6.86 million), Pennsylvania (1,944/$9.56 million), Illinois (1,629/$8.75 million) and Florida (1,629/$7.14 million). Does It Work? ​ According to PBGC, in the past 12 years, more than 22,000 people have found $137 million in missing pension benefits through the Pension Search program. The states with the most found participants and pension money claimed are: New York (4,405/$26.31 million), California (2,621/$8.33 million), Florida (2,058/$15.27 million), Texas (2,047/$11.23 million), New Jersey (1,601/$9.99 million), Pennsylvania (1,594/$6.54 million) and Michigan (1,266/$6.54 million). What to Do If You Don't Have Internet at Home For those without access to the Internet at home, many local public libraries, community colleges, and senior centers make computers available to the public that can be used for searching the Pension Search directory. Searchers can also e-mail foundpbgc.gov or missingpbgc.gov if they believe they are entitled to a benefit. What Happens If You Find a Missing Pension? ​ Once the PBGC is contacted by people who find their names in the directory, the agency asks them to provide more details including proof of age and other vital statistics. The identification process generally takes 4-6 weeks. After the PBGC receives a completed application, people currently eligible for a benefit should receive their checks within two months. Those entitled to future benefits will receive their benefits when they reach retirement age. Things You Might Need to Claim Your Pension Several documents may be required or helpful in proving proof of eligibility for a pension. These include: A notification from the company of plan administrator that you are vested in the planAn individual statement of annual plan benefitsA plan exit letter (sent by the employer) noting participation in the plan and a summary plan description showing the plan’s rules, including the rules for vestingA Notice of Potential Private Pension Benefit Information, if sent by the Social Security Administration (SSA) The SSA automatically sends a Notice of Potential Private Pension Benefit Information to people who may be due pensions when they apply for Social Security and Medicare benefits. How Do Pensions Become "Lost?" Many of the names in the Pension Search directory are workers with pensions whose former employers closed pension plans and distributed benefits. Others are workers or retirees missing from underfunded pension plans taken over by the PBGC because the plans did not have enough money to pay benefits. Included in the directory are people who may be able to document that they are owed a benefit, even though current PBGC records show that no benefit is due. Some reasons pensions might go lost or unclaimed include: The company went bankrupt or simply closed and vanished;The company moved to another town, city, or state;The company was bought by or merged with another company and given a new name; orThe company was divided into separate parts, none of which retained the company’s old name. For More Information The PBGCs booklet Finding A Lost Pension also provides tips, suggests potential allies, and details numerous free information sources. It is particularly helpful for those trying to find pensions earned from former employers whose identity may have changed over the years because of changes in company ownership. About the PBGC The PBGC is a federal government agency created under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. It currently guarantees payment of basic pension benefits earned by 44 million American workers and retirees participating in over 30,000 private-sector defined benefit pension plans. The agency receives no funds from general tax revenues. Operations are financed largely by insurance premiums paid by companies that sponsor pension plans and investment returns.

Case 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case 8 - Assignment Example The perception that greening affects bottom line has begun losing ground. It is a changed mindset among business organizations that has given a big fillip to myriads of environment-friendly business activities. Various measurement techniques including the Green Confidence Index or indices such as S&P/IFC Carbon Efficient Index distinguish organizations on the critical aspect of pollutants they create. Investor community patronizes those organizations that work harder reducing carbon footprint. The companies such as Wal-Mart, Google, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, Dell Inc, General Electric, Intel Corp. have done pioneering efforts meeting sustainability objectives. Developing countries such as China too have been found supporting sustainable business practices though many companies in the US need to create pressure on their overseas suppliers to meet certain minimum standards that protect environment. According to the writer, studies reveal that the company's performance, ov er time, improves with its greening efforts. Soon a time will come when business performance will not be measured only through growth or profitability parameters but how the company as a business organization has fared on reducing its carbon footprint. ... ening' is a new buzz word for organizations showing their commitment not only towards society but also a larger interest of sustaining life on this planet. Even if 'greening' is not good for bottom line in a conventional sense, the efforts are appreciated by all stakeholders of the organization. It is a natural transition from a process that started with producing goods fulfilling the needs of customers to satisfying the needs of environment as well. After all, survival and sustainability issues are the concerns of all that live on this earth. The fact remains that greening has become an intrinsic part of the most organizations in the US. Consumers do not patronize those business organizations that ignore this crucial aspect in their day-to-day operations. Over time, consumers have become enlightened after seeing the horrendous consequences of climate change in most part of the world due to unfriendly environmental practices followed in last several decades. The global warming has ca used catastrophic climate changes across all parts of the world leading to increased frequency of cyclones, drought, melting of icebergs leading to submergence of low lying areas causing displacement of populace, or above normal precipitation in many parts of the world. Even economic slowdown has not derailed environmental-friendly practices because the perception that greening adds to the cost has not been found true in a broader sense. When large organizations, especially in the developed countries, are putting consistent efforts reducing carbon footprints as a part of their social responsibility, it becomes imperative on part of others to follow the suit regardless of its cost implications. It is true that certain businesses such as textile processing, chemicals, color and pigments

Current Issues in the Persian Gulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Issues in the Persian Gulf - Essay Example In addition, it has restricted outside access, built an airstrip and increased military presence on the island. Challenges that make gulf to be a troubled region is not a recent development, neither is it news for the Washingtoni. The vast oil reserves in the region make the balance of power in the gulf a concern for US policy makers. The US has been constantly involved in the gulf region, and this is consistent with the western security policy. Since the end of World War 2, US has ensured that gulf region gains stability and access to oil preservation increasesii. Washington policies in the gulf are not for US to gain access to water, but indeed ensure that there is stability of the oil market in the region. This is because oil shocks might negatively affect oil prices in the US. Geopolitics and energy security are not only the factors that engage US in the Gulf region. The American quest for ensuring stability in energy prices has been influenced by ideological considerations on the nature of US power. During the cold war, US strategy was to fight communism that was advocated by the Soviet Union. The collapse of communism in the gulf and end of soviet threat made the US reassess their strategies. The major concern of the US and other international communities in the Gulf is to ensure there is stability and security. This will reduce risk in energy markets around the world and encourage investors to invest in this regioniii. US and Iran relation is a step in the right direction as there will be international supervision of nuclear program, and in turn sanction in Iran will be uplifted. This will increase the living standards in the region and ensure there is stability in the region. This relation is an import step where dialogue is used instead of deploying troops in the region. Deploying troops in the Gulf region will certainly increase risk than reduces these risks. Iran

The Use of Information Technology In the Delivery of Hospitality Essay

The Use of Information Technology In the Delivery of Hospitality Services - Essay Example Impact of Information Technology on Hospitality Firms Without a doubt, in the past few years from entertaining visitors or guests and creating menus to monitoring staff members, information technology has significantly changed and modernized the way the hospitality sector works at the present time (Pandey, 2010). In the past, the hospitality firms have used cards, physically, or paperwork at the front desk with the purpose of keeping up a communication with old and existing customers. In this scenario, hospitality firms were for the most part at the compassion of the needs of guests to get there, as well as on their own efforts and staff to be there for possible surges or extended deficiencies of tenancy. On the other hand, in the absence of IT supported tools and applications hospitality firms were facing serious business issues. In their article, (Nikolis, 2008) outline a variety of significant areas of the hospitality firms where IT tools and applications are being used to offer s ervices. For instance, one of the basic reasons that IT has turned out to be critical is its helpfulness for the billing section of the hospitality firms, which has been significantly improved with the emergence of IT. In fact, manual data entry and traditional paper-based was slow, time-consuming and unproductive, and it did not offer effective support in letting the hospitality firm know what is the current status of their firm. On the other hand, in order to deal with these issues the advancements of IT in the form of state-of-the-art record keeping systems keep in mind a hotel owner to keep up to date with what they have with good grace available, how much investment it will take and how much time it will take (Nikolis, 2008). In addition, in order to make effective use of... This essay stresses that information technology is playing a significant role in every walk of life. Our lives are always surrounded by the information technologies. Seeing the ever-increasing importance of information technologies hospitality industry has started making use of information technologies in different forms. This paper has presented a detailed analysis of some of the important uses of information technologies in the hospitality industry. This paper has summarized the viewpoints of other researchers. At the present, the Internet is playing a significant role in the hospitality industry. The majority of hotels is adopting this tool for marketing purpose. Many hotels use their web sites to communicate with their customers and receive their feedback. The information technology has also helped the hospitality firms to automate their manual or traditional business processes. This paper has also discussed some of the latest technologies which can be adopted by hotels in order to get a competitive edge over other hotels and get the attention of more customers. However, it depends on an organization how effectively it makes use of information technology. A hospitality firm should keep in mind the interest of their customers and offer facilities on the basis of their interests. The use of the information technology has offered a lot of benefits and opportunities for the hospitality industry.

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Before elaborating the relativity of Tourism and Environment, it is necessary to understand both terms individually. Relativity is to distinguish contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependability upon each other. Tourism: Tourism is now a phenomenon, not just a simple holiday activity. It also has to be considered that tourism and tourist are two different characteristics. Approaches differentiate accordingly and it can be defined according to both understandings: It [tourism] is a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. (2008). From mentioned definition tourism is mainly focused on natural or social aspects, where author has examined tourism on the basis of environmental characteristics. Another understanding could be from the perspective of a visitor or tourist, again I would like to mention a definition from Holdens writing; where he used another authors definition to differentiate from the previous point of view. Tourism as: an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. (2008). This definition is from the perspective of a tourist as a single entity and more individualistic. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is not a very old study for world but travel defiantly is. Tourism is more of gaining an exceptional experience than a regular living, while travel can consists of various reasons behind it. But according to Hunter and Green (1995, pp: 1) There is no universally accepted definition of tourism. This is not surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still matters of debate. Environment: In terms of tourism, Environment is always understood as a nature or atmosphere of a destination or a place which is used for tourism. Nature consists of mountains, water resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes plants, forests, parks, rainforests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animals, forest species and so on. Socially; heritage sites or cultural uniqueness is also a part of an environment. In environmental studies it has commonly been assumed that there exists a fundamental connection between a societys management of natural resources and its perception of nature. Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008). Environmental studies and explanations are vast and distributions of its characteristics are crucial. If we look at it from a different perspective it seems environment consists of whole world (living or non living beings) including humans, animals, plants and resources. From evolution humans are using environmental resources. When observed this use or loss, it is categorised as Environmental study. Resistance and Resilience are two distinctions in this study, where Resistance is tolerance of the site (while getting used and still being undisturbed) and Resilience is the ability to recover from the happened loss or change. Some sites have either qualities or some not. Hence due to its characteristics, Hunter and Green (1995) stated that environment can be subdivided into three components as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, soil, water and climate. Tourism and Environment are interdependent: Tourism is based on the environment; Tourism has and will always devour the natural resources. Tourism is the main factor carrying out the natural environment in both positive and negative aspect. Even simplest form of tourism like visiting a zoo consumes environmental resources such as animals, birds or plants. Such a kind simple form of tourism also renders constructive as well as unconstructive effects. The negative effect cases might be the capturing animals from their natural habitat and keeping them in a zoo, whereas positive aspect can be that by capturing the animals they are getting protected against hunters and other environmental conditions that can be critical to them. In various other smaller or greater impressions tourism has both negative and positive effects, but more important is to understand the actual destruction or refurbishments causing from tourism towards environment. It is understandable that human involvement with environment tend to use the resources, if it cant help to make them grow at least they can be saved from future damages by use of intelligent human behaviour. Study of tourism environment is about understanding the cause and effect rule and to imply theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass tourism. It is also significant that Tourism should place along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall get benefit from it not the damage. No doubt every human action has its own pros and cons and fragility of nature resources must not be seriously harm by it. Tourism is without a doubt among the worlds highest profitable industries (whether on the cost of environment) and relationship between tourism and environment can get equilibrate if financial profits gets used for the conservation programs or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and produce waste, possibly all these activities has a potential to spoil the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exception. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass level definitely leaves its positive and negative impacts, such as tourism did in the past. Although not the case that every environmental problem is produced by tourism but still being a mass industry it affects on a wider platform. Negative Impacts: The harmful impact of tourism can destroy the natural environment when the negative impacts on the environment are sufficiently intensive and extensive. Such as damaging biodiversity of particular areas which includes holiday retreats, clearing of vegetation for constructing resorts and hotels or other tourism facilities, and also many rare species have been brought to the verge of disappearance due to non-tourism nuisance which are directly related to tourism. Habitat devastation brought by unrestrained and ill planned tourism is the prime cause of extinction of species which eventually destroy the natural balance, but destruction of biodiversity can have far reaching effects than this. Another negative impact is the depletion of natural resources like water, land and resources like food, energy or raw materials etc. which are already in short supply. Degradation of land resources like wood or plantations is another example of the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environme nt. Solid waste littering is more common in the case of trekking, rock climbing or hiking tourists. Tourism also pollutes the tourism sites with noise and air pollutions, problems are more compounded in countries or regions which lack or does not have the ability to effectively treat such forms of pollutants generated from tourism activities. Tourism development is more or less responsible for most of the harmful impacts that tourism has on the natural environment. The cutting down of forested areas, changing the landscape etc all have negative impacts on the ecological balance of the tourism destination, whereas levels of impact may vary from site to site, but the negative impacts of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. The negative impacts are intensely visible in ecologically fragile environments. Whether from generating a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is getting a hard time by this. By pollution, numbers of persons using limited resources, behaviour of tourists while on holidays and so on are some of the causes which directly or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural aspects. Unless managing at all level it is difficult to provide specific consideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative aspect towards tourism, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural settings to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Effluence caused by tourism main concerns faced by tourism trade today. The sewage waste from tourist resorts are drained into the rivers causing pollution in the river water and eventually to sea bed, it highly affects the marine life. Extreme use of natural resource that is fossil fuel to generate energy for tourist activity, the activities of overfishing, unnecessary use of ground water resources, are only few of problems which are created by tourism industry which in turn causes the reduction of the resource. As tourism grows, it also give hands to increased littering, various forms of pollution e.g. noise, water, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to uncontrollable levels. Alongside need for transportation gets high and number of vehicles produces numerous gases and noise in air. In areas where resources are limited, tourism develops a sense of competition, leading to all sorts of degradation. Such harmful impacts are majorly brought by poor management or lack of proper conservation mechanism in place. Positive impacts: However with all these harmful effects, the environment is also gaining the optimistic outcome of tourism. Tourism is moving towards a sustainable side by helping and preserving the natural resources for the future generation. Various nations and its conservative organisations are implementing strict plans for conserving their flora and fauna and protecting their natural resources. We should not only see at the dark side of the moon if tourism has its costs, its pays back as well, as tourism grows it definitely encourage several other industries to rise side by side. Whenever a destination is selected to develop as a tourism destination government and planning sources put efforts for the regeneration of the place. It consists of revitalisation of an area or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this process brings new colours to the site. Any vital site when comes under tourism perspective, its natural resources gets special attention from the managing bodies, where as educated tourism developers knows the value of a natural resource and keeping this in mind they prevent any misuse or damage to it. According to Swarbrooke (1999) the term sustainable tourism can be defined as the approach towards tourism in which more focus is shown in preservation of the natural resources in a way that they can be consumed by the present generation and can be preserved for the future generation as well. Tourism can therefore no longer be seen as a harmful factor to environment. Economically, many areas in the world have benefitted from tourism and conservations are taking place on a higher level in many countries. There is an urgent need to understand the relationships between tourists, tourism and the environment. Many new forms of tourist consumption revolve around environmental quality and the respect for nature. One more reason for the negative picture of tourism might be that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of tourism from other forms of economic activity in certain destination areas. Shaw g., Williams A.M. (2002) Numerous examples and case studies are available where tourism has proven a saviour to drowning economies, along with economical benefits; it is helpful in urbanisation of dead towns. Due to tourism many businesses develop and people get employed, on a social level tourism keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourists social involvement and habits are controlled by the behaviour in which s/he is coming from and an insight can be developed in order to gain positive response from tourists. Appropriate educational information system towards environment is rising as very useful tool. How tourism can enhance environmental conservation- If tourism destroys the environment with negative impacts, it also plays a very big role in the preservation of the natural environment of the destination areas. As tourism industry benefits from the tourism sites, it should be its morally responsible to take a pivotal role in the conservation of the natural setting from which it gets benefits. An appropriate and well managed tourism approach can reduce the pessimistic impact of tourism on the natural environment. Appropriate use of earned revenue- Though the profits earned from the tourism conduct is the major contribution of the tourism trade to the efforts of preservation of the environment, educating the tourist is also an essential aspect in the effort of conservation of the natural environment. The revenue earned from various tourist activities brings in the wealth which enables organisations to focus on the conservational efforts. Without the money, conservation process is nothing. Though, concern must be taken to see that the managers of such destinations or sites are not tempted to enlarge the visitation upper limit as the money starts to flow, thinking that the money thus earned from tourist activities like entry fees will be enough to address the very issues caused by the increased visitation. If this persuasion is not overlooked, than the natural environment will suffer more thereby negating the effective use of money from tourism for the conservation of the environment. The conser vationists who have the expertise and authority should make an effort to take control and focus on the maintenance of the environment. Developing eco-tourism- Another most important method is to bring a change from the basic idea of mainstream conventional tourism. This can be achieved by propagating the initiative of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism which are far more environmental friendly and aims at nourishing both the external and the internal environment of the destination. Adopting the idea of such forms of tourism plays a significant role in the conservation of the natural environment. Fundamental principles of these forms are inclined towards reducing the ill effects of tourism on the environment without compromising the value of experience that the visitors can get from visiting the sites. In further part of this essay I have mentioned and elaborated how this alternate tourism is developing these days. Sound planning- Sound environmental management of tourism amenities like resorts and hotels can enhance the benefits to natural areas; requirement is careful planning of tourism development which is based on the environmental resources existing in the destination area. For example clearing of vast areas of vegetation or forest to build resorts, holiday retreats, etc and changing of the landscape to appear more appealing to the tourist. While doing this, the natural environment or to be precise the biodiversity or the ecology of the area is being affected. So care should be taken to see that tourism development causes least impact on the environment. This again can be done by creating eco friendly resorts or buildings which will have the least impact on the surroundings. Tourism also has the potential of raising awareness of the environmental problems among the people by bringing them into close contact with the surroundings. Tourism cannot be sustainable if the surroundings or the en vironment of the destination is not sustainable in itself. Developing awareness among tourists- Conservationists should offer means by which people using the particular destination, both locals and tourists can be made aware of the importance of maintaining the environment. In fact they can encourage the people to contribute towards maintaining the environmental balance. Conscious effort to transform and develop the destination should be the aim of the environmentalists and the development projects, keeping in mind the positive possibility as well as the downfall of the environment with extreme tourism. A way in which tourism can contribute to the conservation process is by having an appropriate mechanism for the dealing with pollution and sewages generated from tourism activities. Various means can be used to minimise the impact of tourism on the environment. Appropriate interpretation can remove negative facts of the site and educate and inform the tourist on the diverse aspects related to the environment. This can lead to the visitors gre ater understanding of the environment and thus act in a more responsible manner and hence minimise the impact caused by them. Implementation of visitation limits, proper rules regulations and mentioning the environmental issues caused by tourism at its early stage can imply a big difference in the conservation of the natural environment. Helping wildlife preservations- Tourism also plays a vital role in the preservation and protection of various species of endangered species which is a vital part of the natural environment. Nature loving tourists visit wildlife reserves and in doing so contribute to the conservation process. Tourism can play major role in the conservation process in various other ways. The tourism industry can also organise campaigns to raise awareness of the environmental issues affecting nature or wildlife and in doing so can also built up a good image which has been often criticised in the last few decades for the negative impacts it has caused to the wildlife destinations. Alternate tourism is developing- A new breed of tourists is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in light in 80s due to previously happened mass destruction in environmental resources. Sustainable Development concept came in attention from 1980s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy (WCS) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined hands for worlds living resources. WCS was a conservation strategy where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, soil erosion and genetic diversity and extinction of species and many related issues were in discussion. The relationship between economic development and the conservation and sustenance of natural resources is concept of sustainable development. Though these thoughts were already in air from many years at that time but WCS discussed many drastic changes happening to environment and WCS was proven as a bridge between prior thoughts and later actions. Another major outcome was establishment of WCED (World commission on environment and development) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland (PM Norway) was appointed chairperson for this commission and in 1987 he publicised a report known as Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) in which Sustainability were originally popularised- Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (According to WCED 1987:43) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Certainly sustainability consists of strategy making, preservation of ecological processes, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productivity and balance between social behaviour and environment. Along with the global acceptance of International tourism, sustainability also got recognised as a key element towards long term beneficial policies along with saving limited resources. Destination areas have developed to accommodate all these travellers, and receiving them and catering their needs has also become part of a daily routine. Development is a highly contested concept and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to achieve it, has gone through a number of phases. International tourism has been a global phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of tourism for mass consumption dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass consumption of travel emerged, roughly parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) As people are not tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing rules and regulation, especially when visitors are on holidays, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what sort of touristic approach is needed is Tourism at one with nature; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding degradation and destruction of the environment, but rather tourism in harmony, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. (1994) Conclusion Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by tourism stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the outline as a major concern of how tourism is to be developed potentially. Thus all these negative and positive effects of tourism on the environment, brings us to a conclusion that tourism can be treated in negative as well as positive aspect in regards to the environment. The negative impacts can be reduced by taking initiative towards conserving natural resources. There are various tools that can be used to protect the environment like collecting income in the form of taxes. All these examples however show us a positive picture about how the tourism industry and the environment are co-dependent to each other for their mutual existence. Though there are many negative aspects to tourism, we can still say that tourism has the tools to protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and the environment. Therefore Tourism and natural environment can both co-exist and be mutually beneficial to each other if the tourism industry has the willingness to pull in full support to the conservation efforts of the natural environment. In doing so, it can help maintain the environment and also recover from the negative image that it has built up for itself during the last few decades. Proper and efficient planning and management accompanied by strict implantation, strict rules and regulations, proper interpretation, propagating the idea of sustainable consumption, well planned eco tourism and sustainable tourism and educating the tourist and making them aware of the impacts of their actions which may have negative impacts on the environment are some of the few ways in which tourism sector can contribute in the conservation process of the natural environment. There cannot be a limit to the extent tourism can contribute to the process and there cannot be an end to its contribution towards environ mental conservation because as long as tourism exists, the negative impacts of tourist will be evident on the natural environment. There is no doubt accepting the fact that tourism brings in money. But even then, care must be taken to make sure that the economic growth brought by the tourism industry must contribute to the natural environment processes and the sustainable use of natural resources. Academic References: Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Bull (1991:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Franklin (2003:33) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geography of sustainable tourism development: an introduction. Harlow: Longman. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G., Williams A.M. (2002) 2nd ed. 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