Bullying Is A Social Interest - 3233 Words

Context History There has been a lot of research done on bullying since the 1980s when Olweus, who was a Norwegian researcher, began to study bullying. In Scandinavia, bullying had become a social interest because people noticed that it was a problem in their society. The school officials in Scandinavia did not take action against bullying until three boys from Norway had committed suicide because they were bullied by their peers. This event caused national interest in bully and victim problems. Since, people suspected that there was a bullying issue they had conducted a study in which data was obtained from 140,000 students in 715 schools. The results indicated that 15% of students in Norwegian schools were involved in bullying. It also indicated that about 94% of the students classified as victims and 6% were classified as bullies (Beaty, Alexeyev, 2008). Government Policies Since bullying has affected students and caused students to commit suicide, new laws and policies have been created. According to the U.S. Department of Education website, forty-five states have already passed laws addressing bullying in school. Any school that is federally funded is responsible for addressing harassment incidents. A state that has created an anti-bullying law is Connecticut. The new law takes comprehensive steps to prevent bullying and ensure that every child has the right to learn in public schools without fear of teasing, humiliation or assault (Briggs, 2012).The United States ofShow MoreRelatedBullying Is A Social Interest2346 Words   |  10 Pageson bullying since the 1980s when Olweus, who was a Norwegian researcher, began to study bullying. In Scandinavia, bullying had become a social interest because people noticed that it was a problem in their society. The school officials in Scandinavia did not take action against bullying until three boys from Norway ha d committed suicide because they were bullied by their peers. This event caused national interest in bully and victim problems. Since, people suspected that there was a bullying issueRead MoreCyber Bullying : A New Form Of Bullying979 Words   |  4 Pagesunimaginable harm† (Chavez). With this mention Cyber bullying has taken a toll in children and teenagers across the nation. Many doctors, advocates, teachers, parents and many more are helping children and teenagers fight against cyber bullying. Cyber bullying can start off as a game, but can become dangerous and lead to disorders, syndromes and can even lead to death. People need to educate themselves and inform children and teens the dangers of cyber bullying and report it immediately if they come acrossRead MoreDaniel Briggs s Life At The Young Age Of 16 Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Subject lived in New York and had a soft spot for helping others. His interests included hunting and trapping, however, this was not popular where he lived. The bullying began when he was young and it carried on into high school. Once he had reached high school, it escalated. Daniel had difficulty finding friends who had common interests with him and ultimately made him a target for bullying. The bullying began with words then progressed to physical forms. such as having trash thrownRead MoreEnd Bullying in the Classroom Essay575 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article Bullying: Effective Strategies for its Prevention Scarpaci (2006) defines bullying as when a more powerful person hurts, frightens, or intimidates a weaker person on a continual and deliberate basis. For this reason, Scarpaci (2006) states that bullying manifests in three distinct forms which are physical (hitting, shoving, poking, tripping, and slapping), verbal (name-calling, insults, teasing) and social (persuading others to exclude or reject someone). Furthermore, Scarpaci (2006)Read MoreAre Antibullying Strategies in Schools Successful?971 Words   |  4 Pageswould wait to go at home or prefer to be sick. (Abcarian). Bullying is a form of abuse that can be emotional or physical. Many children and teens are bullied at school every day. Some of these victims become depressed and lose interest in their schoolwork. (ProQuest Staff). There have been too many instances where young people have committed suicide to escape the torment of bullies. Most people do not realize or know how to stop bullying until someone gets hurt. Schools should have a disciplinaryRead MoreHigh School Cliques896 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes from and towards cliques, cliques have a negative view in schools today. Often times, cliques are seen as an unhealthy thing. There are so many flaws in the idea of cliques that it has been questioned many times. Since cliques are formed by interests, students would go whom they fit best with and that would divide up the school. Every teenager is familiar with the ‘classic’ cliques and their nicknames, as epitomized in countless teen movies: jocks, preps, geeks, nerds† (Cliques in Schools). ThereRead MoreBullying: Policy and Sociological Theory657 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Bullying: Policy and (Sociological) Theory Sociological theories, concepts, and studies provide a greater purpose and function more than just being products of academic and research extension work. Work in policy development is where usually these theories and studies are translated into policy recommendations and if lobbied and defended with strong support from key and influential individuals and groups, could actually lead to legislative action. Indeed, the conversion of theory to policy is aRead MorePrevention And Intervention Of Bullying Behaviors918 Words   |  4 Pagesa major role in prevention and intervention of bullying behaviors. Studies repeatedly suggest that bullying can be significantly impacted if teachers, students, student groups, administrators, and parents worked together to stop bullying (Mount, 2005). Social services can be useful through afterschool programs, specifically educating youth who might be at a greater risk of bullying and victimization. Social services can also work with parents to discuss parenting styles and attachments. Based onRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Form Of Inappropriate Online Behavior814 Words   |  4 Pageswhich involves using technology to transmit embarrassing information about someone. The most common types of cyberbullying are direct threats and spreading embarrassing messages, pictures, and videos over social media, instant messages texts, or emails. Unlike the traditional playground bullying, cyberbullying uses technology. Smartphones and other handheld devices have made it easier for cyberbullies to conduct mean and cruel activities online. Because of mass communication online, cyberbullyingRead MoreBuilding Relationships : A Democratic Classroom1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbuild trust and respect in your relationship. According to the text, Secrets of the Teenage Brain, this assists with establishing a sense of belonging for your students. Building relationships also allows you gain knowledge about your students’ interests and abilities and will help create a more engaging and beneficial instruction. The text also mentions that being friendly and encouraging to each of your students can help improve their self-esteem and create a positive environment. Create a democratic

Prospectus Example - 1677 Words

How the Cubans view themselves in Western Media A Prospectus For History 299 Dr. Ganaway April 21, 2010 Introduction As a young child, I remember living in New York during the latter part of the Cold War years. In school, we had â€Å"bomb drills† in which time we got under our desks and took cover in case of a bomb or missile hitting the city. The apartment building that I lived in had a â€Å"fallout shelter† downstairs underneath the building to house survivors of nuclear war and spare them the effects of radioactivity. In my pre college studies, I didn’t learn much about the politics behind the United State’s foreign relationships with Cuba and the former Soviet Union and the Cold War itself. The basic premise that was†¦show more content†¦One that I will focus upon in my paper is a document dealing with the CIA’s plan to overthrow Castro that dated April 12, 1961. Many of the personal interviews that I will use will come from Miami based newspapers. To get a national prospective, I will use national newspapers and Magazines such as Time, Life, and The New York Times.. In a New York Times editorial, an American was outraged that asylum was denied to Fidel Castro’s two sisters but not to Batista. The article One article from the magazine Time that I will use in the study is titled Dynamic Boss takes over a US neighbor. This article is from January 12, 1959. The photos show signs of contradiction on the part of Castro. He made many promises to supporters and the media that he did not intend to keep. â€Å"He stated that he would not become communist†. The picture shows triumphant soldiers in the capital city of Havana. Citizens that were overjoyed about the revolution marched in the streets. The anonymous writer is shows a bit of distrust in the words of the new leader. The writer assesses the state of events in which he or she had witnessed with the words of the new leader. â€Å"Castro claims that he is a moderate†¦But people against the revolution are being murdered†. I will also use the book Beyond representational correctness: rethinking criticism of popular media byShow MoreRelatedDisclosure Of Disclosure And The Corporation Act 20011038 Words   |  5 Pagesstates the four types of disclosure document which are as follows: †¢ Prospectus †¢ Short Form Prospectus †¢ Profile Statement †¢ Offer Information Statement Company may be able to use any of them depending in the type of fundraising intended to and whether the restrictions imposed can be satisfied or not. The contents of information required in these disclosure documents are different in nature. a) Prospectus Section 705 states prospectus as a standard full-disclosure document. It is the standard, mostRead MoreWhat Is A Mutual Fund Prospectus?988 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is a Mutual Fund Prospectus? A mutual fund prospectus is a document detailing the investment objectives and strategies of a particular fund or group of funds, as well as the finer points of the fund s past performance, managers and financial information. You can obtain these documents directly from fund companies through mail, email or phone. You can also get them from a financial planner or advisor. Many fund companies also provide PDF versions of their prospectuses on their websites. KnowingRead MoreHow Corporate Governance Is The Rules And Systems1304 Words   |  6 Pagesstakeholders such as shareholders, management and customers. These rules prevent managers in an organization from participating in a self-interested manner that could be damaging to the company and its stakeholders. During the time DSH was issuing its prospectus, the company would need a diversified board of directors to prevent corporate governance issues. The board should consist of members who have industry relevant experience. Dick Smith’s board of directors should have a balance of executive and non-executiveRead MoreClassification of Company Status1627 Words   |  6 Pagesare as under:- (i) A private company may consist of only 2 members. (ii) A private company is entitled to commence business immediately on incorporation. (iii) A private company may allot shares without issuing a prospectus or delivering to a registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus Section 30 (1). (iv) A private company is not required to hold a statutory meeting or file a statutory report with the registrar. (v) A private company need not have more than two directors. (vi) Copies of balanceRead MoreThe Implementation Of International Accounting Standards1424 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstances, as in the case of information that is required by law to be kept confidential, that may not be released for public policy purposes or that represents a trade secret or proprietary information., (70) Consequently, an IOSCO-compliant prospectus, which is prepared in conformance with the disclosure rules of one host country, may not satisfy the disclosure standards of another host country. A second problem with the IOSCO core document standards pertains to commonalityRead MoreFinance Questionnaire1443 Words   |  6 Pageswarrants will be exercised A firms dividend policy does not affect the value of its long term warrants at all; however, it is only the investment policy that matters. In addition, convertible bonds can be affected by a firms dividend policy. For example, if the part of the total return received by shareholders in the form of dividends is increased by a change in payout policy, then the value of unprotected convertible bonds would decline. Warrants are exercised at the option price if the companysRead MoreStock Market and Prospectus2875 Words   |  12 PagesChapter 5 PROSPECTUS DEFINITION [SECTION 2(36)] †¢ Any document inviting deposits from the public for the subscription or purchase of any securities of a body corporate. Following types of documents are prospectus: - ⠝‘ Any document described or issued as prospectus; including ⠝‘ any notice, ⠝‘ circular, ⠝‘ advertisement or ⠝‘ other document †¢ Ingredient to constitute a â€Å"prospectus† i) There must be an â€Å"invitation to the public†; ii) The invitationRead MoreContract Law Restricts Third Party Users Of Suing A Professional908 Words   |  4 Pageswithin a foreseeable class of users. The third party must be knowing as user of the service provided by the CPA and also any users that the CPA was aware the client would pass the information to. In this case, the CPA was aware that the intimal prospectus for IPO would be given to investors and as a result, the CPA would be liable. For investors anticipating the merger, they are not a foreseeable class of users since it was not discussed between the client and CPA. Prosser Bank was not a foreseeableRead MoreTrx Finance Case1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand Background: This company started up in 1999. This case has 6 years of data. - Experienced Management: The management team made a good decision to cut off low margin products in order to focus on their more profitable operations. This is an example of the quality of management in TRX. - Profitability: Over the last five years, TRX has yet to turn profit, although they are coming closer to turning a profit. Investors want to see a good Ev/ebitda enterprise value and price to earnings, whichRead MoreQuestions On Senior Management Team1748 Words   |  7 Pagesreflected in all aspects of daily working practices to differing degrees. The mission of school, will be defined by the type of school, set out by the head teacher and will be a short memorable motto like statement of the schools intentions, for example nurture, inspire, accomplish. The core of the mission statement should be expressed and interpreted within all daily activities in all educational environments. The ethos of a school is the beliefs, values and feelings that they subscribe to, these

The Joondalup Planning Strategy

Question: Explain The Joondalup planning strategy. Answer: The Joondalup planning strategy is an important strategic planning document that will be used by the city in future planning and development. The planning strategy report for Joondalup city has been prepared based on all the requirements of the City as they are found in the Act on Planning and Development. The main aim of this report is to create a planning strategy that will allow the community to determine the planning and vision framework that Joondalup city will use in the next few years. The plan involves preparation and assessment of the land to be developed, and the policies and strategies that need to be followed. The plan will include some key areas starting from the introduction which provides the citys background and history, the key issues and areas that need development including tourism, leisure and recreation, and the population growth. This plan is aimed at the use of the public consultation. It develops the issue of hospitality through analysis of the population growth. Building the citys new identity is important, but first, the past and history of the city are put into consideration. In summary, the community believes that the cultural heritage of the city should be protected, and the planning scheme should include the majority of the cultural sites and structures. Also, proper recreational sites are important in the creation of vibrant inner city lifestyle for the community and the visitors. Introduction The City of Joondalup is estimated to be 16 kilometers from the Perth city center in the southwest part. For the early Western Australian history, Fremantle was one of the major cities since it was established as a port for Swan River. The city is key for the fast growing metropolitan area region; it has been identified as a center for regional activities by the state government(Forster 2014 p.87). It provides commercial and recreational services for the community and visitors. The City covers an area of 10,300 hectares. The suburbs located in the municipality include Hillarys, Kallaroo, Joonndalup, Edgewater, and Greenwood among others. The number of residents in the city is approximately 160,000 people. Joondalup economy has been focusing on port-related aspects, general manufacturing, commercial services, fishing industries, and recreation. However, other sectors have been growing for example entertainment, tourism, business services, and education. The citys strategic plan will focus on Governance, citys environment, the economic growth, and the communitys health and wellbeing. Purpose for the planning strategy This planning report is required to set out long term, and short term planning directions for Joondalup city and provide guidelines to be used by the municipality in the implementation of the plan. The three main purposes are to set out a proper framework for the development of land use in Joondalup, provide a context for future planning and statutory provisions, and provision of strategic directions for future populations. These strategic directions include directions for housing, transport, business activities and land development. This report is aimed at providing an integrated strategy on tourism, hospitality, and leisure activities within the selected area to be redeveloped in Joondalup. It depends on several documents including: Local Planning Policies Joondalup Planning strategy which determines planning and land use in the city City plan which covers the communitys vision of Fremantle City planning scheme. Other Council strategies that will be used to work with, guide and add on this plan for public consultations include the draft Transport Strategy, Economic Development Strategy, Fremantle Green Plan, Recreation Policy and Strategy, Blueprint, Cultural Policy and Plan, and Youth and Aged Strategies. Community consultation based on planning issue papers were distributed for getting inputs from the community. Advertisement of the initiative issues was done in local papers and letterboxes in the district. Council considered the outcomes of the surveys and the results used to inform this strategy. Tourism From the uniqueness of its wetlands that are pristine, the centaly located bush regions, and the regions located in the coast coastal areas, Joondalup city is fruitful in aesthetic nature and attractiveness. In addition to the natural features, there are some important developments includingthe Joondalup Resort, Hillary Marina and those done in the city center. All these human made have brought tourists both domestically and internationally to the city to experience the fun. The plan proposed and published in the development plan set aside for tourism for the city of Joondalup. The main purpose of the plan is, provide all involve parties a proper review and assessment of the citys tourism sector and it is aimed at guiding decision-making on tourism planning(Singh, Timothy Dowling 2012 p.114). The citys coastal area is the main part that provides opportunities for tourism development. The concept plan used in this report is the one considered in consultation with all the stakeholders in the tourism industry, community members and leaders, and the leaders of the state in order to developselected area to a great facility with many recreational options. The developed facility is aimed at catering for community needs and providing a structured plan for the land component that is to be developed. The tourism industry of the city is aimed to grow to a sustainable level and with the help of this tourism development plan, need the plan to provide proper accommodation in the future. (Dissart 2015 p.23). The proposed marina will be put through in-depth planning and environmental reviews, and if it is approved, it will be a major Strategic Tourism Site and Activity Centre. Some issues need to be reviewed before the development of the tourism site; ensuring that there is an adequate supply and range of accommodation for supporting the development of the industry sector in the city. Also, after the approvals on planning and the environment development are provided, development and planning of the site selected on structural basis should be able to maximize the commercial and job creation opportunities. A map showing tourism cites in Joondalup. Recreational sites and activities The coordination of public utility planning is through the Metropolitan Development Program. The program incorporates statistics of the projected development in the process of resource allocation to meet the needs and demands of the citys population (Mull, BeggsRenneisen2014 p.78). Joondalup city has many aspects of the natural environment that is both developed and underdeveloped for example the stretch from Burns Beach to Marmion which is more than 17 kilometres. Also, Joondalup city tries to maintain passive and active parks used for leisure activities. Some of the recreational features present in Joondalup include natural bushlands, wetlands, and the coastal areas. Some significant open spaces and parks found in and around Joondalup city include Arena Joondalup, Ocean Reef Harbour for boats, and the reserve located in Percy Doyle just to name a few.Some recent developments that have been put in place in the city include Edgewater Quarry, Arena Joondalup, and Burns Beach. With the se new developments, the city will be able to accommodate other needs and demands of the city in the future. Within the city, four main leisure activityareas exist, including one with the great range of facilities known as Craigie Leisure centre. Others include Warwick, Duncraig, and Healthdrrige leisure centres. Within the city, many playing courts can be found for example bowling alleys, tennis courts, and ovals. All these courts are found in the reserves and parks. Other facilities that are mainly local and playgrounds can be found in all the citys reserves and parks. Also, the city also has private recreational areas including the large golf course found in the resort and country club and Joondalup Arena.To accommodate future demand from the community and tourists new development at Joondalup Arena is being done and this proposed plan will try creating a framework for this development. This plan entails the Community Development Strategy that includes planning for leisure and recreational activities that will help the city to produce strategies and objectives about the wellbeing of the community. The Leisure Plan points out future frameworks for recreational and leisure purposes within the selected piece of land near the CBD of Joondalup city. The plan tries to balance active and passive leisure activities in the city by being able to identify future outcomes for Recreation in Joondalup city and this is through effective and efficient management of infrastructure and ensuring that recreational sites are high quality. The city council will surely endorse this plan as it did in2008, where it approved the Citys Master Plan to be used in improving leisure and recreational sites, sport and Joondalup Citys infrastructure. During that year, some of the recreational sites that were selected to undergo the planning process were the Edgewater Quarry and Percy Doyle Reserve. In this proposed plan, the focus was made on the master plan developed for Edgewater Quarry; the project will aim at assessing Edgewater Quarry in relation with the reason of improvements and developments to accommodate the demands and needs of the community in future. The projected plan will involve the community extensively in regard to consultation to gain information of how the people will prefer the quarry to be developed in future. The results that are being expected from this projected plan include an estimate of the costs to be used in the plan, a construction process that is staged, and the design concept. Other issues that will be addressed in the proposed project plan based on the land development near the CBD is the construction of tennis courts for leisure purposes. The development of the land will be important in addressing the following issues: with the changing demographics of the city, there is a need for new developments in the recreational sector to accommodate future demands. Secondly, there is a need for facility maintenance and renewal. Finally, will the city be able to deal with the issue of water shortages about maintaining the open spaces? Joondalup population Perth Metropolitans population growth has been rapid over the last few decades.in the early 1970s, about half of the population growth in Perth Region was based in the city of Joondalup but there was a slower rate of population growth as we approached the 1980s. The suburban area is the main part of the city that encountered this development pattern. The development was mainly in local shopping centres, schools including both primary and secondary schools, and the local air space (Friedman 2011 p.45). There has been increase in residential development and town centres over the past twenty years. Joondalup city has more than 10% of the whole of the Metropolitan region of Perth. How Joondalups city population is expected to grow from 1996 to 2031 By the year 2006, the Northern side of Perth region, which includes Joondalup city and Wanneroo city, had 273,000 people. Growth of the population is expected over the next few years.More than 20% of the people in 2015 were between the ages 1 to 17, and more than 10% were people more than 60 years, this was in comparison to about24% and 16% for the whole Perth Region. This can be shown in the graph below: To 2006, there was a rise in the median age of the population from 33 years to 36 years. Structure change in age for Joondalup city between 2001 and 2006 There has been a clear decline in the number of youth including both young adults and the children that are a little bit older. However, older people numbers are projected to increase within the same year. For the Metropolitan areas there is expected to be general ageing of the population with rapid changes in the city. The projected distribution of age for the years 2006 to 2031amily structures and households in Joondalup city has pointed out the function and purpose of the residential part of the area. More than 50% of Joondalup households by the year 2006 included couples who had children and this was more as compared to the whole Perth region.This proposed project plan is aimed at addressing several important issues in the growth of population in Joondalup. One of the issues is how to accommodate the growing population of Joondalup, placement of future households for proper planning, and provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure improvements. With the rise in population in the city, there is need for proper planning and development and some aspects that need to be considered include commercial space designed for the service sector, proper access for pedestrians, safe and vibrant city, provision of space and art programs, and employment opportunities for the residents. The proposed plan will cater for this by providing a leisure and recreational facility and a tourism cite on the selected site near the CBD. With proper planning of the city there will be ensured proper and easy access to and from the city. Job creation and impacts on the citys economy. The local economy of Joondalup city is dependent on the functions of the city centre, which is the located strategically to serve as a regional centre. The regional centre is for the North West side of the region. Joondalup City Centre has its strengths cantered in sectors including education, retail, community services, and retail. These sectors creates more than half of the jobs for Joondalup city. Other job creation areas in the city include the industrial area in Joondalup, the gate Whitefoord town centre, Hillarys harbor for the boats among others. Understanding the residence of people provide a necessary platform for planning. This is where issues of capacity and compliance to regulations are addressed. Any planner will wish to have a right mix of information that links him or her to the needed work. Hence, the need to have the right understanding of where people live. The self sufficiency of the local job creation there were some projections that 60% of created jobs will be allocated to the workers that are based locally. With this proposed plan, there is expected job opportunities for the residents of Joondalup, as the recreational facilities that will be constructed in the site will need workers. In addition, other sectors such as the tourism sector will also provide employment opportunities for the residents. This means that any development on the citys land will create jobs for the people thus improving the citys economy. Although it looks overambitious to pursue this path of development, it is important to work on it as a long-term strategy. Planning for future is all that is needed when handling such projects. It will be essential for the southwest corridor with all its sectors especially the industrial base. In addition, recent data has shown that the self-sufficiency level and the rate of employment in the North West region is 40% while the self-containment level and employment rate is 30% in comparison with 60% and 50% for Southern side of the Metropolitan region After preview and approval of the project, there is a need for monitoring to allow for smooth implementation. The monitoring process is important to ensure that all factors are put into consideration in the implementation plan which includes construction of buildings and development of land. References Dessert, J.-C. (2015). Tourism, recreation, and regional development: Perspectives from France and abroad. Farnham: Ashgate. Friedman, A. (2011). Sustainable residential development. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Professional. Mull, R. F., Beggs, B. A., Renneisen, M. (2014). Recreation facility management: Design, development, operations, and utilization. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Western Australia. (2013). Landscape: The Journal of the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. Perth: The Department. Singh, S., Timothy, D. J. Dowling, R. K. (2012). Tourism in destination communities. Oxon, U.K: Cabi Pub. Forster, C. A. (2014). Australian cities: Continuity and change. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Thompson, S., Maginn, P. J. (2012). Planning Australia: An overview of urban and regional planning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newton, P. W. (2015). Transitions: Pathways Towards Sustainable Urban development in Australia. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science. Tomlinson, R. (2012). Australia's unintended cities: The impact of housing on urban development. Kelly, J.-F., Donegan, P. (2015). City Limits: Why Australia's cities are broken and how we can fix them. Troy, P. N. (2011). Australian cities: Issues, strategies, and policies for urban Australia in the 1990s. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Gurran, N. (2011). Australian urban land use planning: Principles, systems, and practice. Sydney: Sydney University Press. Hayashi, Y., Roy, J. (2014). Transport, Land-Use and the Environment. Boston, MA: Springer US. Newman, P., Kenworthy, J. R. (2013). Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Yigitcanlar, T. (2010). Rethinking sustainable development: Urban management, engineering, and design. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference. Hopkins, L. D. (2011). Urban development: The logic of making plans. Washington, DC [u.a.: Island Press. Rydin, Y. (2010). Governing for sustainable urban development. London: Earthscan. Zasada, I. (2012). Urban Entertainment Centers - Difficulties and chances for urban development. MuÃÅ'ˆnchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Mohan, Sudha. (2015). Urban Development and New Localism. RawatPubns. Curwell, S. R., Cooper, I., Deakin, M., Symes, M. (2011). Sustainable urban development: Ed. By Ian Cooper and Martin Symes.

Management and workbook process free essay sample

Discuss the management control system in the Patagonia Company. Explain and discuss the nature, context, evolution, elements, processes, strengths, weaknesses/problems of the management control system at Patagonia (including a critical evaluation of the Workbook Process). What makes Patagonia different from many corporate organisations? Everything! Patagonia is a very successful business that has grown at a sensational pace. What is interesting about Patagonia is that the founder’s motivation was never solely about making money, profits and relaying hefty bottom lines. Other things mattered too! The company is very much driven by a culture. This collaborative eco friendly and holistic culture has been created and nurtured by Yvon Chouinard, his wife Malinda and their team. â€Å"Make the best quality product and cause no excess harm† defined the essence of their motivation as relayed by Yvon at the 1996 Corporate Citizenship hosted by President Clinton. (Merchant, Kenneth A. /Van der Stede, Wim A. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and workbook process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / 2007, pg 380) This level of ‘quality’ would filter throughout the flat organisation. The notion of quality would not only define the nature of the goods sold but would however define all aspects of the companies endeavours including how they treated their staff, their stakeholders and our planet earth. How measurable is quality when you account for not only goods but people, their behaviour and their interaction with their external environment? Patagonia evolved in 1957 selling climbing gear made by Yvon in his blacksmith shop. The company began to sell quality outdoor clothes in the 1960’s and in the 70’s the business rapidly developed having become renowned for their innovation in outdoor materials. The business grew organically surprisingly without a focus on wealth accumulation for its founders. It was all about the product, design, process and how each interacted with the environment and all stakeholders involved. Yvon and his wife decided to donate huge amounts of the company’s earnings to environmental causes. Patagonia’s people were like minded. Yvon became increasingly concerned about the preservation of our natural environment and this would become ingrained in Patagonia’s culture. Life as an employee at Patagonia offered a relaxed, open, friendly and holistic community spirit. People were invited to dress ultra casually, enjoy healthy foods at low cost, work flexi hours, avail of onsite childcare facilities and in turn people would work in harmony, be goal congruent and deliver the companies objectives. Although in the beginning there was no formal management control process based on financial objectives the strategic objective was always clear – Quality in all that they do and how they do it! Demand always exceeded supply in the earlier decades so financial measurement control was not considered important as there was a constant supply of money. Control was people orientated and behavioural in nature. There was little bureaucracy and an open system was encouraged. Senior management shared the same office space as everyone else and people were encouraged to participate, ask questions and provide feedback. There were frequent fortnightly open forums held by management where staff could participate. Everybody was valued and people were expected to contribute. The company delivered an incentive scheme and rewarded staff with pooled retained profits. On one incident the employees rejected and returned an $80,000 bonus scheme as they felt the distribution of it was unfair. The company did admit to having difficulty with measuring rewards in line with performance as so much of the company’s objectives were not financial in nature and therefore more difficult to measure. The temporary slump in sales in the early 1990’s prompted a new focus on the bottom line. The managers of Patagonia used personal controls to rectify the problem. Hiring professional managers with the expertise in financial control was required. The company was in the midst of a recession, with more competitors and employees who were frivolous with their expense accounts. In recruiting the professionals the control of the organisation would now move from cultural to a more personal centralised control. The decisions were being made at the top something which was very new at Patagonia. The staffs were left feeling disengaged with the process and after losing 20% of their co workers morale was very low. The open book management style grew from this. The Workbook Process was a control mechanism that involved intense collaboration laterally and vertically within the organisation. Financial information would now be made available to everyone in order to encourage fluidity and understanding of the business. People would be adequately trained so as to understand the information and in turn offer participation and suggestion. The process would have significant cost and time implications but Yvon and Melinda supported the ethos on which it was founded – an open model that would reinforce their culture and encourage synergetic performance. Managers hoped that employees would better understand their own position within the company, increase their awareness in relation to other sub systems and ultimately they would become part of the process hence determining their own destiny and success. Each group participated in an 11 step workbook process which involved for example identifying objectives and missions, interrelations with other sub systems (each with their own cost centre), quantifying and prioritising objectives, feedback systems, budget worksheets, other group priorities etc. The Workbook Process was very detailed in nature and it appeared to involve a huge amount of time. Most employees felt that the process was worthwhile in that it allowed people to bond; it optimised better solutions for the company. These were significant strengths and would suggest that the process was in fact progressive. Would additional control supports or tweaking help? The predominant weaknesses of the process were poor deliverance of financial information i. e. 1 to 2 months behind and a proportion of people refused to engage with the process. They found it tedious. It was not supported by a number of managers also. This caused concern for the other managers. How could The Workbook System be further supported in order to reinforce the benefits and gain further participation from all staff members? Perhaps an incentive scheme with rewards and sanctions would work? Maybe further training was needed? Perhaps stringent budgetary controls were needed? Would you recommend to Patagonia’s management that they continue with or discontinue the Workbook process? Explain your reasons and make recommendations for any changes needed. (Whether to enhance the existing process or to replace it)? If you recommend continuing the process, what would you replace it with? ) A management control system stems from organisations objectives. There is goal ambiguity and conflict in Patagonia. The goals of Patagonia did not include rapid growth similar to most corporations. Patagonia’s goal is the integrity and staying true to their cause. The exploitation of the marketplace was not an option. Yvon’s reasoning for staying in business was in order to make money to attribute to environmental causes. There were other elements high quality and the idea of the man in the wilderness versus the corporate. Therein lies the problem the application of a management control system depends on, is it desirable is it feasible, how you are going to do it and can the results be interpreted. The Work book process or otherwise known as an open book management assumes a relaxed pose. This control mechanism is suited to Patagonia’s culture. However the implementation of this management style is anything but relaxed. The workbook process involves extremely detailed planning, budget and reporting system. These are used to monitor the plans, activities and performance. This is only possible with the co-operation of the entire organisation. The use of pre action reviews and results control has proven beneficial in the financial areas. However in an organisation where there are multiple purposes this leads to difficulty. If Patagonia’s main objective was to maximise profit there would be a clear measure of success. However this is not the case. Environment impacts over time are very difficult to quantify. The workbook process has its advantages and is clearly successful in some business units. Two thirds of the managers are happy with the process. Initially the open book management technique addressed the problem which arrived with the professional managers. The people of Patagonia where similar to Yvon and held a â€Å"contempt for conventional business†. As Yvon and his wife were not happy with the new formal management, it was to be expected staff members would have their issues. The tone at the top has a huge influence. The workbook process facilitates planning in advance. Planning or decision making takes a look at the longer term rather than just the day to day. Through coordination of all different levels and other business units it encourages a combined effort towards the goal. The workbook process can detect problems before they happen. This is a proactive approach rather than waiting for something to go wrong before you react. There are however a number of criticisms of the process. The corporations outlined nine specific goals for the fiscal year 96. These included product design, distribution, operations, environment and personal/training. The workbook process had proven to be successful in establishing whether some objectives had been achieved. However it highlighted the difficulty in judging environment, quality and distribution objectives. These issues have been established a critical success factors for Patagonia, and yet the management control system is unable to evaluate their performance. An evaluation of the benefit versus the cost of the system needs to be addressed. The design is very complex and time consuming. The level of planning and number of meetings needed to discuss the plans leaves very little time for actually doing anything. The third of the organisation which is not content with the formality of the process have been identified as the creative ones. This is not surprising the process is stifling and this is not an atmosphere which promotes innovation. If anything it encourages people to just do what is in the plan and nothing else. There is another issue which has already has been identified as a positive aspect however has negative implications also. The tightness of the pre action reviews in relation to budget. The expense accounts were previously issues for concern. However the frequency and elements which have to be documented seem overbearing. The business units are only allowed spend if senior managers have preapproved the decision. The workbook process was established to give employees more empowerment. This however is certainly not the case in relation to spending money. There is also evidence of tightness in cultural control. The manager of logistics stated that in achieving all of their objectives, there was a feeling of pride. This is akin to someone working for a small business. There is no mention of personal gain. This is not a criticism of her attitude; it is of the work process. There were no incentives aligned to the objectives. The profit sharing plan that was introduced was not based on merit; it was just allocated in equal percentages of base salaries. On the basis of this evaluation we would recommend that Patagonia discontinues the Workbook Process. The process has served its purpose. It has educated the employees in the â€Å"how the company works and how their jobs interface with others†. A control system is applied to ensure that an organisation’s strategy is implemented. This is not the case. The workbook process is focused on the short term. In looking back all the time there is no attention to the objectives which are key to future success. A value driver is an objective which can indicate future success. Examples include product design, quality and customer service. These are all qualities valued by Patagonia. The time and effort to keep this in process in operation is too costly. The staffs are only partially commited which is causing complications. The level of training required is exhaustive. There are people who are not financially minded regardless of how much training they receive. When an organisation focuses all its efforts on financial results, the things that can’t be measured are neglected. Therefore a â€Å"combination of measures† is a much more viable option. To replace the workbook process we would recommend the balanced scorecard. This focuses on financial but also the non financial contributors to success of an organisation. The objectives would be set in relation to the different business units. Production and distribution would have quality and efficiency objectives. RD would be responsible for innovation. HR would look after the quality of life for the employees. Public responsibility would be positioned in the top four as it is inherent within the organisation. This process would be costly to implement. Therefore if it was applied on a group context it may be easier to be the costs down. This would also create co workers monitoring each other’s performance. There would also be the incentive to gain owner ship shares. In measuring shareholder value creation instead of accounting income this would be very beneficial in the long term. This would create an ethos for those who are not loyal to the culture of the organisation already to treat it as their own. This form of measurement would be flexible to change. As the employees have adapted to being involved in the planning of objectives their input would continue to be recognised. The use of pre action reviews would still be in place for large investments. A database warehouse would solve the environmental focus of the legal team and investment in software for tracking inventory.